Appearance
Unit 99 — Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired
A. Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together
- My brother lives in a nice new house.
- In the kitchen there was a beautiful large round wooden table.
Adjectives like new / large / round / wooden are fact adjectives. They give us information about age, size, colour etc.
Adjectives like nice / beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us what the speaker thinks of something or somebody.
Opinion adjectives usually go before fact adjectives.
| opinion | fact | noun | |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | nice | long | summer holiday |
| an | interesting | young | man |
| delicious | hot | vegetable soup | |
| a | beautiful | large round wooden | table |
1. Opinion adjectives 和 Fact adjectives
多个形容词放在名词前面时,首先可以把形容词分成两大类:
Opinion adjectives
表示:
说话者的主观看法、评价
例如:
- nice — 好的、不错的
- beautiful — 漂亮的
- interesting — 有趣的
- delicious — 美味的
Fact adjectives
表示:
客观事实或特征
例如:
- new — 新的
- large — 大的
- round — 圆的
- wooden — 木制的
- young — 年轻的
- hot — 热的
2. Opinion 通常放在 Fact 前面
基本顺序:
Opinion → Fact → Noun
例如:
a nice new house
其中:
- nice = opinion
- new = fact
- house = noun
所以:
nice → new → house
再例如:
a beautiful large round wooden table
可以拆成:
beautiful → large → round → wooden → table
其中:
- beautiful = opinion
- large = size
- round = shape
- wooden = material
- table = noun
3. 一个非常实用的理解方式
不要只背:
nice 必须在 new 前面
而应该理解成:
主观评价 → 客观描述 → 名词
例如:
a beautiful old house
先说:
我觉得它怎么样? beautiful
再说:
它客观上怎么样? old
最后:
它是什么? house
所以:
a beautiful old house
B. Order of fact adjectives
Sometimes we use two or more fact adjectives together.
Usually (not always) we put fact adjectives in this order:
| 顺序 | 含义 | 问题 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | size / length | how big? |
| 2 | age | how old? |
| 3 | colour | what colour? |
| 4 | origin | where from? |
| 5 | material | what is it made of? |
| → | NOUN |
也就是:
Size → Age → Colour → Origin → Material → Noun
4. Fact adjectives 的基本顺序
5. Size / Length
大小、长度:
- big
- small
- large
- tall
- short
- long
6. Age
年龄、新旧:
- old
- young
- new
7. Colour
颜色:
- black
- white
- blue
- red
- green
8. Origin
来源、国家、地区:
- Russian
- Chinese
- American
- Italian
9. Material
材料:
- wooden
- plastic
- cotton
- metal
最后才是:
Noun
10. 教材中的例子
a tall young man
顺序:
tall → young → man
对应:
size → age → noun
即:
1 → 2
big blue eyes
顺序:
big → blue → eyes
对应:
size → colour → noun
即:
1 → 3
a small black plastic bag
顺序:
small → black → plastic → bag
对应:
size → colour → material → noun
即:
1 → 3 → 5
a large wooden table
顺序:
large → wooden → table
对应:
size → material → noun
即:
1 → 5
an old Russian song
顺序:
old → Russian → song
对应:
age → origin → noun
即:
2 → 4
an old white cotton shirt
顺序:
old → white → cotton → shirt
对应:
age → colour → material → noun
即:
2 → 3 → 5
11. Size / Length 通常在 Shape / Width 前面
Adjectives of size and length (big / small / tall / short / long etc.) usually go before adjectives of shape and width (round / fat / thin / slim / wide etc.):
例如:
a large round table
不是:
❌ a round large table
a tall thin girl
不是:
❌ a thin tall girl
a long narrow street
不是:
❌ a narrow long street
因此:
Size / Length → Shape / Width
例如:
large → round
tall → thin
long → narrow
12. 两个或更多颜色之间使用 and
When there are two or more colour adjectives, we use and:
a black and white dress
一条黑白相间的裙子。
a red, white and green flag
一面红、白、绿三色旗。
但其他类型的形容词放在名词前时,通常不使用 and:
a long black dress
而不是:
❌ a long and black dress
13. 完整的形容词顺序思维模型
结合 A 和 B,可以整理成:
Opinion → Size → Age → Shape → Colour → Origin → Material → Noun
例如:
a beautiful large old round brown Italian wooden table
可以拆成:
| 单词 | 类型 |
|---|---|
| beautiful | Opinion |
| large | Size |
| old | Age |
| round | Shape |
| brown | Colour |
| Italian | Origin |
| wooden | Material |
| table | Noun |
日常英语一般不会一次堆这么多形容词,但这个顺序可以帮助理解多个形容词同时出现时的位置。
C. Adjectives after be / get / become / seem
We use adjectives after be / get / become / seem:
- Be careful!
- I’m tired and I’m getting hungry.
- As the film went on, it became more and more boring.
- Your friend seems very nice.
14. be + adjective
最常见的结构:
Subject + be + adjective
例如:
I am tired.
我累了。
She is happy.
她很开心。
The movie is boring.
这部电影很无聊。
这里的 adjective 描述:
主语的状态或特征
15. get + adjective
get + adjective 经常表示:
变得……
例如:
I’m getting hungry.
我开始饿了 / 我越来越饿了。
这里:
get hungry = become hungry
其他常见表达:
get tired 变累
get angry 生气起来
get cold 变冷
get dark 天变黑
get better 变好
16. become + adjective
become 也表示:
变得……
例如:
It became boring.
它变得无聊了。
教材:
As the film went on, it became more and more boring.
随着电影继续播放,它变得越来越无聊。
结构:
become + adjective
17. seem + adjective
seem 表示:
看起来 / 似乎
例如:
Your friend seems very nice.
你的朋友看起来人很好。
结构:
seem + adjective
18. look / feel / sound / taste / smell + adjective
We also use adjectives to say how somebody/something looks, feels, sounds, tastes or smells:
- You look tired.
- I feel tired.
- She sounds tired.
- The dinner smells good.
- This tea tastes a bit strange.
这些动词后面直接使用:
adjective
look + adjective
You look tired.
你看起来很累。
这里不是说:
你“如何做 look 这个动作”
而是在描述:
你的状态
所以使用形容词:
tired
feel + adjective
I feel tired.
我感觉很累。
sound + adjective
She sounds tired.
她听起来很累。
smell + adjective
The dinner smells good.
晚餐闻起来很香。
注意:
good
是形容词。
不是:
❌ smells well
taste + adjective
This tea tastes a bit strange.
这个茶尝起来有点奇怪。
19. 系动词后面使用 adjective
这一组可以统一理解:
be / get / become / seem / look / feel / sound / smell / taste + adjective
例如:
You look tired.
I feel happy.
It sounds interesting.
The food smells good.
The soup tastes strange.
这些 adjective 都是在:
描述主语
而不是描述动作。
20. Adjective 和 Adverb 的区别
But to say how somebody does something, you must use an adverb:
Drive carefully. (not Drive careful)
这里:
carefully
描述:
drive 这个动作是怎么完成的
所以使用副词。
Suzanne plays the piano very well. (not plays ... very good)
这里:
well
描述:
plays
所以使用副词。
21. 快速区分 adjective 和 adverb
问自己:
我是在描述“人/东西是什么状态”,还是描述“动作怎么发生”?
描述人或东西的状态
使用:
adjective
例如:
You look tired.
tired 描述:
you
描述动作如何发生
使用:
adverb
例如:
You drive carefully.
carefully 描述:
drive
比较:
He is careful.
他很小心。
这里描述:
he
所以:
adjective
He drives carefully.
他开车很小心。
这里描述:
drives
所以:
adverb
22. good 和 well
这是非常常见的一组:
good
通常是:
adjective
例如:
The food tastes good.
The dinner smells good.
well
通常是:
adverb
例如:
She plays tennis well.
Suzanne plays the piano very well.
所以:
good → 描述东西
well → 描述动作
例如:
She is a good driver.
good 描述:
driver
She drives well.
well 描述:
drives
D. the first two days / the next few weeks
We say:
the first two days
the next few weeks
the last ten minutes
etc.
例如:
I didn’t enjoy the first two days of the course. (not the two first days)
They’ll be away for the next few weeks. (not the few next weeks)
23. 序数/顺序词通常放在数量前面
注意:
the first two days
而不是:
❌ the two first days
结构:
first → two → days
也就是:
顺序 → 数量 → 名词
同样:
the next few weeks
不是:
❌ the few next weeks
结构:
next → few → weeks
再例如:
the last ten minutes
结构:
last → ten → minutes
24. 常见结构
可以记住:
the first + number + noun
例如:
the first three days
前三天
the next + number/quantity + noun
例如:
the next two weeks
接下来的两周
the next few days
接下来的几天
the last + number + noun
例如:
the last ten minutes
最后十分钟
the last three years
过去三年 / 最近三年
25. Unit 99 核心规则汇总
规则 1:Opinion 在 Fact 前
Opinion → Fact → Noun
例如:
a nice new house
a beautiful old building
规则 2:多个 Fact adjectives 有基本顺序
Size → Age → Shape → Colour → Origin → Material → Noun
例如:
a small old black Italian leather bag
规则 3:Size / Length 在 Shape / Width 前
a large round table
a tall thin girl
a long narrow street
规则 4:多个颜色之间可以使用 and
a black and white dress
a red, white and green flag
但:
a long black dress
不是:
❌ a long and black dress
规则 5:系动词后使用 adjective
be / get / become / seem
以及:
look / feel / sound / taste / smell
后面通常使用:
adjective
例如:
You look tired.
I feel tired.
She sounds tired.
The dinner smells good.
The tea tastes strange.
规则 6:描述动作方式使用 adverb
Drive carefully.
She plays the piano well.
规则 7:first / next / last 在数量前
the first two days
the next few weeks
the last ten minutes
26. 最终思维模型
这一单元可以分成三个核心问题。
① 多个形容词放在名词前,怎么排序?
先判断:
Opinion 还是 Fact?
如果同时存在:
Opinion → Fact
然后 Fact 内部大致按照:
Size → Age → Shape → Colour → Origin → Material
最后:
Noun
完整模型:
Opinion → Size → Age → Shape → Colour → Origin → Material → Noun
② 动词后面应该用 adjective 还是 adverb?
如果是在描述:
主语是什么状态
使用:
adjective
例如:
You look tired.
The food smells good.
如果是在描述:
动作怎么完成
使用:
adverb
例如:
Drive carefully.
She plays well.
③ first / next / last 和数量谁在前?
记住:
first / next / last → quantity → noun
例如:
the first two days
the next few weeks
the last ten minutes
27. 一句话记忆
形容词顺序:
观点 → 大小 → 年龄 → 形状 → 颜色 → 来源 → 材料 → 名词
英文:
Opinion → Size → Age → Shape → Colour → Origin → Material → Noun
而动词后:
描述状态 → adjective
描述动作 → adverb
例如:
You look tired, but you still work carefully.