Appearance
Unit 42 — Passive 1
is done / was done
A. Active and Passive
主动语态和被动语态
1. Example — This house was built in 1981
This house was built in 1981.
这栋房子建于 1981 年。
这里：
was built
是：
Passive（被动语态）
2. Active vs Passive
主动语态：
Somebody built this house in 1981.
某人在 1981 年建造了这栋房子。
结构：
| Subject | Verb | Object |
|---|---|---|
| Somebody | built | this house |
被动语态：
This house was built in 1981.
这栋房子建于 1981 年。
结构：
| Subject | Passive verb |
|---|---|
| This house | was built |
3. 主动语态：强调主语做了什么
当我们使用主动语态时：
we say what the subject does
也就是：
强调主语做了什么。
例如：
My grandfather was a builder. He built this house in 1981.
我的祖父是一名建筑工人。
他在 1981 年建造了这栋房子。
这里：
He
是动作执行者。
4. Example — It employs two hundred people
It’s a big company. It employs two hundred people.
这是一家大公司。
它雇用了 200 人。
这里强调：
公司做了“雇用”这个动作。
所以使用：
Active
5. 被动语态：强调主语发生了什么
当我们使用被动语态时：
we say what happens to the subject
也就是：
强调主语“被怎么样了”。
例如：
“How old is this house?” “It was built in 1981.”
“这栋房子有多久了？”
“它建于 1981 年。”
这里我们关心的是：
房子什么时候被建造
而不是：
谁建的。
6. Example — Two hundred people are employed
Two hundred people are employed by the company.
这家公司雇用了 200 人。
如果按被动结构理解：
200 人被这家公司雇用。
这里：
two hundred people
成为句子的主语。
7. Active vs Passive 的核心
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| 主语做动作 | 主语承受动作 |
| Somebody built the house. | The house was built. |
| The company employs people. | People are employed. |
| 强调“谁做了什么” | 强调“某人/某物发生了什么” |
B. 为什么使用被动语态？
8. 动作执行者不知道或不重要
当我们使用被动语态时：
who or what causes the action is often unknown or unimportant
也就是：
谁做的，不知道或者不重要。
9. Example — A lot of money was stolen
A lot of money was stolen in the robbery.
在抢劫案中，大量钱财被偷了。
这里：
somebody stole it
但是：
we don’t know who
我们不知道是谁偷的。
所以使用：
was stolen
10. Example — Is this room cleaned every day?
Is this room cleaned every day?
这个房间每天都会被打扫吗？
这里：
谁打扫并不重要。
真正关心的是：
这个房间每天有没有被打扫。
11. 被动语态的核心问题
主动语态通常在回答：
Who does it?
谁做？
被动语态通常在回答：
What happens to it?
它发生了什么？
12. 如果想说谁做的，用 by
如果我们想说明：
动作是谁完成的
使用：
by + 执行者
例如：
This house was built by my grandfather.
这栋房子是我祖父建的。
Two hundred people are employed by the company.
200 人被这家公司雇用。
13. by 的结构
Passive + by + person / thing
例如：
The book was written by George Orwell.
这本书是 George Orwell 写的。
The window was broken by the wind.
窗户被风吹坏了。
C. 被动语态的基本结构
14. Passive = be + past participle
被动语态的基本结构：
be + past participle
也就是：
be + 过去分词
例如：
- be done
- be cleaned
- be damaged
- be built
- be seen
15. 过去分词
过去分词很多情况下以：
-ed
结尾。
例如：
- cleaned
- damaged
- invited
但是很多重要动词是不规则的：
| 原形 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|
| build | built |
| do | done |
| see | seen |
| steal | stolen |
| write | written |
| break | broken |
所以：
被动语态的关键不是“加 -ed”
而是：
be + past participle
16. be 决定时态
非常重要：
被动语态中真正随着时态变化的是 be
例如：
is cleaned
一般现在时。
was cleaned
一般过去时。
will be cleaned
将来。
has been cleaned
现在完成。
所以可以理解成：
时态主要体现在 be 的变化上。
Present Simple Passive
一般现在时被动语态
17. 主动结构
主动：
clean(s) / see(s) etc.
例如：
Somebody cleans this room every day.
有人每天打扫这个房间。
18. 被动结构
am / is / are + past participle
例如：
This room is cleaned every day.
这个房间每天都会被打扫。
19. Active → Passive
主动：
Somebody cleans this room every day.
转换过程：
找到 object：
this room
把 object 放到句首：
This room ...
原句是一般现在时：
cleans
所以选择：
is
clean 改成过去分词：
cleaned
最后得到：
This room is cleaned every day.
20. Present Simple Passive 结构
| 主语 | be | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|
| I | am | invited |
| he/she/it | is | cleaned |
| we/you/they | are | employed |
结构：
am / is / are + past participle
21. Example — Many accidents are caused
Many accidents are caused by careless driving.
许多事故是由粗心驾驶造成的。
主动可以理解为：
Careless driving causes many accidents.
22. Example — I’m not invited
I’m not invited to parties very often.
我不常被邀请参加聚会。
结构：
am + not + invited
23. Example — How is this word pronounced?
How is this word pronounced?
这个单词怎么发音？
这里不关心：
谁来读这个单词。
而关心：
这个单词是怎么被读出来的。
所以使用：
Passive
24. Present Simple Passive 总结
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| Somebody cleans the room. | The room is cleaned. |
| The company employs people. | People are employed. |
| Somebody pronounces the word. | The word is pronounced. |
Past Simple Passive
一般过去时被动语态
25. 主动结构
主动：
cleaned / saw etc.
例如：
Somebody cleaned this room yesterday.
昨天有人打扫了这个房间。
26. 被动结构
was / were + past participle
例如：
This room was cleaned yesterday.
这个房间昨天被打扫了。
27. Active → Passive
主动：
Somebody cleaned this room yesterday.
被动：
This room was cleaned yesterday.
28. Past Simple Passive 结构
| 主语 | be | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|
| I/he/she/it | was | invited |
| we/you/they | were | invited |
结构：
was / were + past participle
29. Example — We were woken up
We were woken up by a loud noise during the night.
夜里我们被一阵巨大的声音吵醒了。
主动可以理解为：
A loud noise woke us up.
被动：
We were woken up by a loud noise.
30. Example — I wasn’t invited
“Did you go to the party?” “No, I wasn’t invited.”
“你参加聚会了吗？”
“没有，我没有被邀请。”
结构：
was + not + invited
31. Example — How much money was stolen?
How much money was stolen in the robbery?
抢劫案中有多少钱被偷了？
这里强调的是：
money
而不是：
谁偷的钱。
32. Present Passive vs Past Passive
| Present Simple Passive | Past Simple Passive |
|---|---|
| am/is/are + done | was/were + done |
| 现在、通常如此 | 过去发生 |
| is cleaned | was cleaned |
| are employed | were employed |
| is pronounced | was pronounced |
33. 同一句话改变时间
现在：
This room is cleaned every day.
这个房间每天都会被打扫。
过去：
This room was cleaned yesterday.
这个房间昨天被打扫了。
真正变化的是：
is → was
而：
cleaned
保持过去分词形式。
34. 被动语态最重要的公式
PASSIVE = BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
也就是：
be + V3
例如：
| 时态 | Passive |
|---|---|
| Present Simple | is done |
| Past Simple | was done |
| Future | will be done |
| Present Perfect | has been done |
本单元重点掌握：
is done
和：
was done
35. 主动变被动的基本步骤
假设：
Somebody cleaned the room.
Step 1：找到宾语
the room
Step 2：把宾语放到前面
The room ...
Step 3：保留原来的时态
原句：
cleaned
是一般过去时。
所以被动使用：
was
Step 4：动词使用过去分词
clean → cleaned
最终：
The room was cleaned.
36. 主动和被动的基本公式
主动：
Subject + Verb + Object
例如：
Somebody built this house.
被动：
Object → Subject + be + past participle
例如：
This house was built.
可以理解成：
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| Somebody | This house |
| built | was built |
| this house | — |
37. by 什么时候需要？
很多被动句：
不需要 by
例如：
My car was stolen.
我的车被偷了。
因为：
不知道是谁偷的，或者没有必要说明。
如果执行者本身很重要：
The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
这时可以使用：
by + 执行者
38. 不要为了被动而强行加 by somebody
例如：
This room is cleaned every day.
已经很自然。
通常没必要说：
This room is cleaned every day by somebody.
因为：
somebody 没有提供有价值的信息。
39. 主动语态什么时候更自然？
如果：
动作执行者本身非常重要
主动语态通常更自然。
例如：
My grandfather built this house.
重点是：
谁建了这栋房子。
如果重点是：
房子什么时候建成
则更自然地说：
This house was built in 1981.
40. 同一件事情，两种视角
Active
My grandfather built this house.
镜头对准：
my grandfather
也就是：
谁做了这件事？
Passive
This house was built by my grandfather.
镜头对准：
this house
也就是：
这栋房子发生了什么？
41. 图片中的全部重点例句
A — Active / Passive
This house was built in 1981.
Somebody built this house in 1981.
My grandfather was a builder. He built this house in 1981.
It’s a big company. It employs two hundred people.
“How old is this house?” “It was built in 1981.”
Two hundred people are employed by the company.
B — Unknown / unimportant agent
A lot of money was stolen in the robbery.
Is this room cleaned every day?
This house was built by my grandfather.
Two hundred people are employed by the company.
C — Passive structures
Many accidents are caused by careless driving.
I’m not invited to parties very often.
How is this word pronounced?
We were woken up by a loud noise during the night.
“Did you go to the party?” “No, I wasn’t invited.”
How much money was stolen in the robbery?
42. 被动疑问句
因为被动结构本质上是：
be + past participle
所以变疑问句时：
把 be 放到主语前面。
例如：
This room is cleaned every day.
变成：
Is this room cleaned every day?
再例如：
The money was stolen.
变成：
How much money was stolen?
43. 被动否定句
直接在：
be
后面加：
not
例如：
I am not invited.
He is not employed here.
We were not told.
常见缩写：
| 完整形式 | 缩写 |
|---|---|
| is not | isn’t |
| are not | aren’t |
| was not | wasn’t |
| were not | weren’t |
44. 一般现在时：主动 vs 被动
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| Somebody cleans the room. | The room is cleaned. |
| The company employs 200 people. | 200 people are employed. |
| Somebody invites me. | I am invited. |
45. 一般过去时：主动 vs 被动
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| Somebody cleaned the room. | The room was cleaned. |
| Somebody stole the money. | The money was stolen. |
| Somebody woke us up. | We were woken up. |
46. 常见错误：少了 be
错误：
❌ This house built in 1981.
正确：
This house was built in 1981.
因为被动语态必须有：
be + past participle
47. 常见错误：过去分词用错
错误：
❌ This house was build in 1981.
正确：
This house was built in 1981.
因为：
build → built → built
被动语态需要：
past participle
48. 常见错误：be 与主语不一致
错误：
❌ Two hundred people is employed.
正确：
Two hundred people are employed.
因为：
people
是复数。
所以使用：
are
49. 最实用的判断方法
看到一个句子时，先问：
我想强调“谁做了动作”，还是“某人 / 某物发生了什么”？
如果强调：
谁做
使用：
Active
例如：
My grandfather built the house.
如果强调：
房子发生了什么
使用：
Passive
例如：
The house was built in 1981.
50. 最终思维模型
Active
主语 → 做动作 → 宾语
例如：
My grandfather built the house.
核心：
谁做了什么
Passive
主语 → 被怎么样
例如：
The house was built.
核心：
这个东西发生了什么
51. 一句话记忆
Active
主语做动作
例如：
Somebody cleaned the room.
Passive
主语承受动作
例如：
The room was cleaned.
Present Simple Passive
am / is / are + past participle
例如：
The room is cleaned every day.
Past Simple Passive
was / were + past participle
例如：
The room was cleaned yesterday.
Unit 42 最核心总结
PASSIVE = BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
is done = 一般现在时被动
was done = 一般过去时被动
Active = 谁做了什么
Passive = 某人 / 某物发生了什么
最简单的一组转换：
Somebody built this house. ↓ This house was built.