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Unit 137 — Phrasal verbs 1: Introduction
A. Phrasal verbs（短语动词）
We often use verbs with:
in / outon / offup / downaway / backby / throughabout / alongover / forwardround / around
So you can say:
look out / get on / take off / run away etc.
These are phrasal verbs（短语动词）.
1. Movement verbs + on / off / out etc.
We often use on / off / out etc. with verbs of movement.
For example:
get on
get on 上车
- The bus was full. We couldn’t get on.
公交车满了，我们上不去。
drive off
drive off 开车离开
- A woman got into the car and drove off.
一个女人上了车，然后开车离开了。
come back
come back 回来
- Sarah is leaving tomorrow and coming back on Saturday.
Sarah 明天离开，星期六回来。
turn round
turn round 转身 / 转过来
- When I touched him on the shoulder, he turned round.
当我碰了一下他的肩膀时，他转过身来。
1. B. 第二个词会改变动词的含义
Often the second word (on / off / out etc.) gives a special meaning to the verb.
这也是短语动词最重要的特点：
verb + particle → 产生新的含义
有时不能简单地把两个单词分别翻译后再组合。
break down
break down （机器、汽车等）出故障 / 坏掉
- Sorry I’m late. The car broke down. (= the engine stopped working)
对不起，我迟到了。汽车坏了。
find out
find out 发现 / 查明 / 弄清楚
- I never found out who sent me the flowers. (= I never discovered)
我一直没有弄清楚是谁给我送的花。
take off
take off （飞机）起飞
- It was my first flight. I was nervous as the plane took off. (= went into the air)
这是我第一次坐飞机。飞机起飞的时候我很紧张。
注意：
take off 还有另一个非常常见的意思：
take off clothes/shoes 脱掉衣服 / 鞋子
后面 D 部分会继续讲。
give up
give up 放弃
- I tried many times to contact her. In the end I gave up. (= stopped trying)
我试了很多次联系她。最后我放弃了。
get on
这里的 get on 和前面“上车”的意思不同。
get on 进展 / 表现
- How was the exam? How did you get on? (= How did you do?)
考试怎么样？你考得怎么样？
get by
get by 勉强应付 / 勉强过得去
- My French isn’t good, but it’s enough to get by. (= enough to manage)
我的法语不好，但勉强够用。
本部分核心短语
| Phrasal verb | Meaning |
|---|---|
| break down | 出故障 |
| find out | 发现；查明 |
| take off | 起飞；脱掉 |
| give up | 放弃 |
| get on | 上车；进展 |
| get by | 勉强应付 |
For more phrasal verbs, see Units 138–145.
2. C. Phrasal verb + preposition
Sometimes a phrasal verb is followed by a preposition.
结构：
phrasal verb + preposition
例如：
look up + at
run away + from
keep up + with
look forward + to
look up at
look up at somebody/something 抬头看……
- We looked up at the plane as it flew above us.
飞机从我们上方飞过时，我们抬头看着它。
结构：
look up + at + object
run away from
run away from somebody/something 从……逃跑 / 逃离……
- Why did you run away from me?
你为什么从我身边跑开？
keep up with
keep up with somebody/something 跟上……
- You’re walking too fast. I can’t keep up with you.
你走得太快了，我跟不上你。
look forward to
look forward to something 期待……
- Are you looking forward to your trip?
你期待这次旅行吗？
这里特别注意：
look forward to + noun
或者：
look forward to + -ing
例如：
I’m looking forward to seeing you.
我期待见到你。
这里的 to 是介词，所以后面的动词使用 -ing，而不是动词原形。
3. D. Phrasal verbs + object
Sometimes a phrasal verb has an object（宾语）.
For example:
- I turned on the light.
这里：
the light = object（宾语）
4. 名词作宾语：通常有两个位置
Usually there are two possible positions for the object.
You can say:
I turned on the light.
or:
I turned the light on.
两种都正确。
结构可以是：
verb + particle + noun
或者：
verb + noun + particle
所以：
turn on the light
=
turn the light on
5. 代词作宾语：必须放在中间
But if the object is a pronoun:
it / them / me / him / her / us / you
only one position is possible.
正确：
I turned it on.
错误：
I turned on it.
所以必须记住：
verb + pronoun + particle
例如：
turn it on
take them off
wake her up
throw it away
6. take off
如果宾语是普通名词：
I’m going to take off my shoes.
或者：
I’m going to take my shoes off.
两种都正确。
但是如果把 my shoes 换成代词 them：
These shoes are uncomfortable. I’m going to take them off.
不能说：
take off them
所以：
take my shoes off
↓
take them off
7. wake up
如果宾语是普通名词：
Don’t wake up the baby.
或者：
Don’t wake the baby up.
都正确。
如果使用代词：
The baby is asleep. Don’t wake her up.
不能说：
wake up her
所以：
wake the baby up
↓
wake her up
8. throw away
如果宾语是普通名词：
Don’t throw away this box.
或者：
Don’t throw this box away.
都正确。
如果使用代词：
I want to keep this box, so don’t throw it away.
不能说：
throw away it
所以：
throw this box away
↓
throw it away
9. Unit 137 核心语法：可分短语动词
这一部分是本单元非常重要的规则。
对于：
turn on
take off
wake up
throw away
这类短语动词，如果后面有宾语：
宾语是名词
两种位置通常都可以：
turn on the light
turn the light on
宾语是代词
代词必须放在中间：
turn it on
不能：
turn on it
同样：
take off my shoes
take my shoes off
但是：
take them off
不能：
take off them
wake up the baby
wake the baby up
但是：
wake her up
不能：
wake up her
throw away the box
throw the box away
但是：
throw it away
不能：
throw away it
10. 核心结构总结
11. Verb + particle
get on
drive off
come back
turn round
这些构成 phrasal verbs。
12. Verb + particle → 新的含义
break down → 出故障
find out → 查明
take off → 起飞 / 脱掉
give up → 放弃
get by → 勉强应付
13. Phrasal verb + preposition
look up at
run away from
keep up with
look forward to
结构：
verb + particle + preposition + object
例如：
I can’t keep up with you.
14. Phrasal verb + noun
对于可以分开的短语动词：
verb + particle + noun
或者：
verb + noun + particle
例如：
turn on the light
=
turn the light on
15. Phrasal verb + pronoun
如果宾语是：
it / them / him / her / me / us / you
必须：
verb + pronoun + particle
例如：
turn it on
take them off
wake her up
throw it away
16. Unit 137 最终思维模型
短语动词可以先分成三种情况理解：
① 没有宾语
The car broke down.
The plane took off.
I gave up.
结构：
verb + particle
② 后面还有介词
look up at the sky
run away from home
keep up with me
look forward to the holiday
结构：
verb + particle + preposition + object
③ 后面有宾语，而且可以分开
turn on the light
=
turn the light on
但是代词必须放中间：
turn it on
17. 一句话记忆
普通名词通常可以：
turn on the light
turn the light on
但是代词必须夹在中间：
turn it on
take them off
wake her up
throw it away
记忆公式：
动词 + 代词 + 小品词
这就是这一单元最重要的规则。