Appearance
Unit 14 — Present perfect and past 2
I have done and I did
A. Finished time:已经结束的时间,用 Past Simple
1. 核心规则
当我们谈论一个:
已经结束的时间
例如:
- yesterday
- last year
- ten minutes ago
我们不用:
Present Perfect(I have done)
而使用:
Past Simple(I did)
2. Example — yesterday
It was very cold yesterday.
昨天非常冷。
不是:
❌ It has been very cold yesterday.
因为:
yesterday 已经结束。
3. Example — ten minutes ago
Paul and Lucy arrived ten minutes ago.
Paul 和 Lucy 十分钟前到了。
不是:
❌ have arrived ten minutes ago
因为:
ten minutes ago
明确指向:
一个已经结束的过去时间点。
4. Example — when you were a child
Did you eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?
你小时候吃很多糖吗?
不是:
❌ Have you eaten ... when you were a child?
因为:
childhood 是已经结束的过去时期。
5. Example — last night
I got home late last night. I was very tired and went straight to bed.
我昨晚很晚才到家。
我很累,所以直接去睡觉了。
这里全部使用:
Past Simple
因为:
last night 已经过去。
6. 常见“结束时间”标志
| 时间表达 | 时态 |
|---|---|
| yesterday | Past Simple |
| last night | Past Simple |
| last week | Past Simple |
| last year | Past Simple |
| ten minutes ago | Past Simple |
| in 2020 | Past Simple |
| when I was a child | Past Simple |
| from 2010 to 2014 | Past Simple |
核心:
FINISHED TIME → PAST SIMPLE
7. When ...? / What time ...? 通常用 Past Simple
当我们询问:
某件事什么时候发生?
通常使用:
Past Simple
例如:
When did your friends arrive?
你的朋友什么时候到的?
不是:
❌ When have your friends arrived?
What time did you finish work?
你几点下班的?
因为:
when / what time
要求我们把事件放到:
一个具体的过去时间点。
8. Present Perfect vs Past Simple
Present Perfect
Tom has lost his key. He can’t get into the house.
Tom 把钥匙弄丢了。
所以他现在进不了家门。
重点:
现在还没有钥匙。
Past Simple
Tom lost his key yesterday. He couldn’t get into the house.
Tom 昨天把钥匙弄丢了。
他当时进不了家门。
重点:
昨天发生的事情。
9. has she left? vs when did she leave?
不问具体过去时间
Is Carla here or has she left?
Carla 在这里吗,还是已经走了?
重点:
现在 Carla 在不在?
所以:
Present Perfect
问具体时间
When did Carla leave?
Carla 什么时候走的?
重点:
过去具体什么时候发生。
所以:
Past Simple
B. Unfinished time vs Finished time
这是本单元最重要的部分。
10. Present Perfect:时间段持续到现在
例如:
I’ve done a lot of work today.
我今天已经做了很多工作。
这里:
today 还没有结束。
所以:
today 是一个 unfinished period of time
也就是:
持续到现在的时间段。
11. Past Simple:已经结束的时间段
I did a lot of work yesterday.
我昨天做了很多工作。
这里:
yesterday 已经结束。
所以:
Past Simple
12. 时间轴对比
Present Perfect
PAST ─────────────── NOW
[ TODAY ]
↑
unfinished
例如:
I’ve done a lot of work today.
Past Simple
PAST NOW
[ YESTERDAY ] │
↑ │
finished │
例如:
I did a lot of work yesterday.
13. 常见 unfinished time
Present Perfect 常用于:
- today
- this morning
- this week
- this month
- this year
- recently
- since ...
- in the last few days
- in my life
前提:
这个时间段从说话者角度还连接着现在。
14. today vs yesterday
| Present Perfect | Past Simple |
|---|---|
| I’ve done a lot of work today. | I did a lot of work yesterday. |
| 今天还没结束 | 昨天已经结束 |
15. this week vs last week
this week
It hasn’t rained this week.
这周还没有下过雨。
因为:
this week 还没结束。
last week
It didn’t rain last week.
上周没有下雨。
因为:
last week 已经结束。
16. this morning:关键看“早上是否已经结束”
这是非常重要的一点。
现在仍然是上午
Have you seen Anna this morning?
你今天早上见到 Anna 了吗?
图片解释:
it is still morning now
所以:
this morning 仍然属于当前时间段。
使用:
Present Perfect
现在已经是下午或晚上
Did you see Anna this morning?
你今天早上见到 Anna 了吗?
因为:
现在早晨已经结束。
所以:
Past Simple
17. 同一个时间词,时态可以变化
这说明:
不能机械地背 “this morning = Present Perfect”。
真正要判断:
这个时间段在说话时结束了吗?
例如:
上午 10 点
Have you seen Tom this morning?
下午 3 点
Did you see Tom this morning?
18. recently vs on Sunday
recently
Have you seen Ben recently?
你最近见过 Ben 吗?
这里:
recently
表示:
最近几天 / 几周,一直连接到现在。
所以:
Present Perfect
on Sunday
Did you see Ben on Sunday?
你星期天见到 Ben 了吗?
Sunday 是:
一个明确结束的过去时间。
所以:
Past Simple
19. since 2010 vs from 2010 to 2014
since 2010
I’ve been working here since 2010.
我从 2010 年一直在这里工作到现在。
重点:
现在仍然在这里工作。
时间:
2010 ─────────────────▶ NOW
working
from 2010 to 2014
I worked here from 2010 to 2014.
我从 2010 年到 2014 年在这里工作。
现在:
已经不在这里工作。
时间:
2010 ───── 2014 NOW
worked ● │
finished
20. since vs from ... to ...
| since | from ... to ... |
|---|---|
| 从过去一直到现在 | 明确过去起止时间 |
| unfinished | finished |
| Present Perfect | Past Simple |
| since 2010 | from 2010 to 2014 |
21. I haven’t seen her
I don’t know where Lisa is. I haven’t seen her.
我不知道 Lisa 在哪里。
我最近没见过她。
这里隐含:
from some recent point until now
所以:
Present Perfect
22. I didn’t see her
A: Was Lisa at the party on Sunday? B: I don’t think so. I didn’t see her.
A:Lisa 星期天参加聚会了吗?
B:我觉得没有,我没看到她。
这里:
on Sunday
是已经结束的过去时间。
所以:
Past Simple
23. We’ve been waiting vs We waited
现在还在等
We’ve been waiting for an hour.
我们已经等了一个小时了。
图片说明:
we are still waiting now
所以:
Present Perfect Continuous
已经不等了
We waited for an hour.
或者:
We were waiting for an hour.
我们当时等了一个小时。
现在:
we are no longer waiting
所以:
Past Simple / Past Continuous
24. has lived vs lived
现在还住在那里
Jack lives in Los Angeles. He has lived there for seven years.
Jack 住在洛杉矶。
他已经在那里住了七年。
现在:
仍然住在那里。
已经不住在那里
Jack lived in New York for ten years. Now he lives in Los Angeles.
Jack 曾经在纽约住了十年。
现在他住在洛杉矶。
所以:
New York 那段生活已经结束。
使用:
Past Simple
25. in my life vs when I was a child
一生到现在
I’ve never ridden a horse in my life.
我这辈子从没骑过马。
这里:
my life 还没有结束。
所以:
Present Perfect
已结束的童年
I never rode a bike when I was a child.
我小时候从来没骑过自行车。
这里:
childhood 已经结束。
所以:
Past Simple
26. 假期还没结束 vs 已经结束
假期最后一天,但仍在度假
It’s the last day of your holiday.
你可以说:
It’s been a really good holiday. I’ve really enjoyed it.
这是一次非常棒的假期。
我真的很享受。
为什么?
假期此刻还没有完全结束。
已经回来了
After you come back from holiday:
你会说:
It was a really good holiday. I really enjoyed it.
那次假期很棒。
我真的很享受。
为什么?
假期已经结束。
27. 核心不是“事情发生多久以前”
Present Perfect 和 Past Simple 的真正区别不是:
“最近发生 → Present Perfect”
“很久以前 → Past Simple”
更重要的是:
时间框架是否连接到现在。
28. 一个事情即使发生得很近,也可以用 Past Simple
例如:
I saw Tom ten minutes ago.
虽然只是:
十分钟前
但是:
ten minutes ago 是明确完成的过去时间点。
所以:
Past Simple
29. 一个事情即使从很久以前开始,也可以用 Present Perfect
例如:
I’ve lived here since 2010.
虽然从 2010 年开始已经很久。
但是:
时间一直延续到现在。
所以:
Present Perfect
30. 真正判断标准
不要问:
“这件事离现在近不近?”
应该问:
“我说的这个时间段结束了吗?”
31. Finished vs Unfinished
| Unfinished | Finished |
|---|---|
| today | yesterday |
| this week | last week |
| this year | last year |
| since 2010 | from 2010 to 2014 |
| recently | on Sunday |
| in my life | when I was a child |
| Present Perfect | Past Simple |
32. Present Perfect 的时间框架
可以理解成:
过去 → 一直到 NOW
PAST ───────────────── NOW
↑
relevant period
例如:
this week since 2010 recently in my life
33. Past Simple 的时间框架
过去的一个封闭时间块
PAST NOW
[──────────] │
finished │
例如:
yesterday last week in 2010 when I was a child
34. 图片全部例句整理
A — Finished time
| Example | 原因 |
|---|---|
| It was cold yesterday. | yesterday 已结束 |
| Paul and Lucy arrived ten minutes ago. | ago = 过去时间 |
| Did you eat sweets when you were a child? | childhood 已结束 |
| I got home late last night. | last night 已结束 |
| When did your friends arrive? | 问过去具体时间 |
| What time did you finish work? | 问过去具体时间 |
B — Present Perfect
| Example | 当前联系 |
|---|---|
| I’ve done a lot of work today. | today 还没结束 |
| It hasn’t rained this week. | this week 还没结束 |
| Have you seen Anna this morning? | 现在仍是上午 |
| Have you seen Ben recently? | recent period → now |
| I’ve been working here since 2010. | 现在仍工作 |
| I haven’t seen Lisa. | 最近到现在没见 |
| We’ve been waiting for an hour. | 现在仍在等 |
| He has lived there for seven years. | 现在仍住 |
| I’ve never ridden a horse. | 一生到现在 |
| It’s been a good holiday. | 假期仍未完全结束 |
Past Simple
| Example | 时间已结束 |
|---|---|
| I did a lot of work yesterday. | yesterday |
| It didn’t rain last week. | last week |
| Did you see Anna this morning? | 现在已经下午/晚上 |
| Did you see Ben on Sunday? | Sunday 已结束 |
| I worked here from 2010 to 2014. | 工作时期结束 |
| I didn’t see Lisa at the party. | 聚会已结束 |
| We waited for an hour. | 现在已经不等 |
| Jack lived in New York for ten years. | 已经搬走 |
| I never rode a bike when I was a child. | childhood 已结束 |
| It was a good holiday. | 假期已经结束 |
35. Present Perfect vs Past Simple 的最强判断法
第一步:有没有明确结束的过去时间?
例如:
- yesterday
- ago
- last week
- in 2015
- on Sunday
- when I was young
如果有:
Past Simple
例如:
I saw him yesterday.
第二步:时间段是否一直连接到现在?
例如:
- today
- this week
- since ...
- recently
- in my life
如果是:
Present Perfect
例如:
I’ve seen him twice this week.
第三步:现在状态是否还持续?
如果:
还在持续
倾向:
Present Perfect
如果:
已经结束
倾向:
Past Simple
36. 一个非常实用的例子
假设今天是星期三。
本周发生的事情
I’ve been to the gym twice this week.
我这周已经去过两次健身房。
因为:
本周还没有结束。
到了下周:
I went to the gym twice last week.
我上周去了两次健身房。
同一件事情:
时间框架变了
所以:
时态也变了。
37. today 也不永远等于 Present Perfect
比如已经晚上 11:59:
today technically 还没结束
仍然可以用 Present Perfect。
但实际口语中:
说话者如何看待这个时间段也会影响选择。
核心还是:
说话者是否把时间看作与现在连接。
38. Unit 13 vs Unit 14
Unit 13
重点:
Present Perfect = 当前结果
例如:
I’ve lost my key.
Unit 14
重点:
Present Perfect = 未结束时间
例如:
I’ve done a lot today.
所以 Present Perfect 可以有两个非常重要的“现在连接”:
- 现在结果
- 时间一直延续到现在
39. 完整判断模型
Present Perfect
使用条件之一:
Past event → NOW result
或者:
Past period → continues until NOW
Past Simple
使用:
Finished past event / finished past time
40. 时间轴总结
Present Perfect
PAST ─────────────────── NOW
│ │
└──── connection ───────┘
例如:
I’ve worked here since 2010.
Past Simple
PAST NOW
│ │
[ finished ] │
例如:
I worked there from 2010 to 2014.
41. 最值得记住的四组
| Present Perfect | Past Simple |
|---|---|
| today | yesterday |
| this week | last week |
| since 2010 | from 2010 to 2014 |
| in my life | when I was a child |
42. 最重要的一个问题
每次不知道用:
have done
还是:
did
先不要问:
“这是过去发生的吗?”
因为:
两个都可以涉及过去。
应该问:
“这个过去和现在还有连接吗?”
如果:
YES
Present Perfect
如果:
NO,时间已经关掉了
Past Simple
一句话记忆
Present Perfect
时间窗口还开着。
例如:
today / this week / since 2010 / in my life
Past Simple
时间窗口已经关了。
例如:
yesterday / last week / ten minutes ago / from 2010 to 2014
最核心:
UNFINISHED TIME → PRESENT PERFECT
FINISHED TIME → PAST SIMPLE
以及:
Have you seen Anna this morning? = 现在仍然是上午
Did you see Anna this morning? = 上午已经结束