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Unit 14 — Present perfect and past 2

I have done and I did


A. Finished time:已经结束的时间,用 Past Simple

1. 核心规则

当我们谈论一个:

已经结束的时间

例如:

  • yesterday
  • last year
  • ten minutes ago

我们不用:

Present Perfect(I have done)

而使用:

Past Simple(I did)


2. Example — yesterday

It was very cold yesterday.

昨天非常冷。

不是:

❌ It has been very cold yesterday.

因为:

yesterday 已经结束。


3. Example — ten minutes ago

Paul and Lucy arrived ten minutes ago.

Paul 和 Lucy 十分钟前到了。

不是:

❌ have arrived ten minutes ago

因为:

ten minutes ago

明确指向:

一个已经结束的过去时间点。


4. Example — when you were a child

Did you eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?

你小时候吃很多糖吗?

不是:

❌ Have you eaten ... when you were a child?

因为:

childhood 是已经结束的过去时期。


5. Example — last night

I got home late last night. I was very tired and went straight to bed.

我昨晚很晚才到家。

我很累,所以直接去睡觉了。

这里全部使用:

Past Simple

因为:

last night 已经过去。


6. 常见“结束时间”标志

时间表达时态
yesterdayPast Simple
last nightPast Simple
last weekPast Simple
last yearPast Simple
ten minutes agoPast Simple
in 2020Past Simple
when I was a childPast Simple
from 2010 to 2014Past Simple

核心:

FINISHED TIME → PAST SIMPLE


7. When ...? / What time ...? 通常用 Past Simple

当我们询问:

某件事什么时候发生?

通常使用:

Past Simple

例如:

When did your friends arrive?

你的朋友什么时候到的?

不是:

❌ When have your friends arrived?


What time did you finish work?

你几点下班的?

因为:

when / what time

要求我们把事件放到:

一个具体的过去时间点。


8. Present Perfect vs Past Simple

Present Perfect

Tom has lost his key. He can’t get into the house.

Tom 把钥匙弄丢了。

所以他现在进不了家门。

重点:

现在还没有钥匙。


Past Simple

Tom lost his key yesterday. He couldn’t get into the house.

Tom 昨天把钥匙弄丢了。

他当时进不了家门。

重点:

昨天发生的事情。


9. has she left? vs when did she leave?

不问具体过去时间

Is Carla here or has she left?

Carla 在这里吗,还是已经走了?

重点:

现在 Carla 在不在?

所以:

Present Perfect


问具体时间

When did Carla leave?

Carla 什么时候走的?

重点:

过去具体什么时候发生。

所以:

Past Simple


B. Unfinished time vs Finished time

这是本单元最重要的部分。


10. Present Perfect:时间段持续到现在

例如:

I’ve done a lot of work today.

我今天已经做了很多工作。

这里:

today 还没有结束。

所以:

today 是一个 unfinished period of time

也就是:

持续到现在的时间段。


11. Past Simple:已经结束的时间段

I did a lot of work yesterday.

我昨天做了很多工作。

这里:

yesterday 已经结束。

所以:

Past Simple


12. 时间轴对比

Present Perfect

PAST ─────────────── NOW
             [ TODAY ]
               ↑
          unfinished

例如:

I’ve done a lot of work today.


Past Simple

PAST                    NOW
  [ YESTERDAY ]          │
      ↑                  │
   finished              │

例如:

I did a lot of work yesterday.


13. 常见 unfinished time

Present Perfect 常用于:

  • today
  • this morning
  • this week
  • this month
  • this year
  • recently
  • since ...
  • in the last few days
  • in my life

前提:

这个时间段从说话者角度还连接着现在。


14. today vs yesterday

Present PerfectPast Simple
I’ve done a lot of work today.I did a lot of work yesterday.
今天还没结束昨天已经结束

15. this week vs last week

this week

It hasn’t rained this week.

这周还没有下过雨。

因为:

this week 还没结束。


last week

It didn’t rain last week.

上周没有下雨。

因为:

last week 已经结束。


16. this morning:关键看“早上是否已经结束”

这是非常重要的一点。


现在仍然是上午

Have you seen Anna this morning?

你今天早上见到 Anna 了吗?

图片解释:

it is still morning now

所以:

this morning 仍然属于当前时间段。

使用:

Present Perfect


现在已经是下午或晚上

Did you see Anna this morning?

你今天早上见到 Anna 了吗?

因为:

现在早晨已经结束。

所以:

Past Simple


17. 同一个时间词,时态可以变化

这说明:

不能机械地背 “this morning = Present Perfect”。

真正要判断:

这个时间段在说话时结束了吗?

例如:

上午 10 点

Have you seen Tom this morning?

下午 3 点

Did you see Tom this morning?


18. recently vs on Sunday

recently

Have you seen Ben recently?

你最近见过 Ben 吗?

这里:

recently

表示:

最近几天 / 几周,一直连接到现在。

所以:

Present Perfect


on Sunday

Did you see Ben on Sunday?

你星期天见到 Ben 了吗?

Sunday 是:

一个明确结束的过去时间。

所以:

Past Simple


19. since 2010 vs from 2010 to 2014

since 2010

I’ve been working here since 2010.

我从 2010 年一直在这里工作到现在。

重点:

现在仍然在这里工作。

时间:

2010 ─────────────────▶ NOW
         working

from 2010 to 2014

I worked here from 2010 to 2014.

我从 2010 年到 2014 年在这里工作。

现在:

已经不在这里工作。

时间:

2010 ───── 2014                 NOW
   worked   ●                    │
            finished

20. since vs from ... to ...

sincefrom ... to ...
从过去一直到现在明确过去起止时间
unfinishedfinished
Present PerfectPast Simple
since 2010from 2010 to 2014

21. I haven’t seen her

I don’t know where Lisa is. I haven’t seen her.

我不知道 Lisa 在哪里。

我最近没见过她。

这里隐含:

from some recent point until now

所以:

Present Perfect


22. I didn’t see her

A: Was Lisa at the party on Sunday? B: I don’t think so. I didn’t see her.

A:Lisa 星期天参加聚会了吗?

B:我觉得没有,我没看到她。

这里:

on Sunday

是已经结束的过去时间。

所以:

Past Simple


23. We’ve been waiting vs We waited

现在还在等

We’ve been waiting for an hour.

我们已经等了一个小时了。

图片说明:

we are still waiting now

所以:

Present Perfect Continuous


已经不等了

We waited for an hour.

或者:

We were waiting for an hour.

我们当时等了一个小时。

现在:

we are no longer waiting

所以:

Past Simple / Past Continuous


24. has lived vs lived

现在还住在那里

Jack lives in Los Angeles. He has lived there for seven years.

Jack 住在洛杉矶。

他已经在那里住了七年。

现在:

仍然住在那里。


已经不住在那里

Jack lived in New York for ten years. Now he lives in Los Angeles.

Jack 曾经在纽约住了十年。

现在他住在洛杉矶。

所以:

New York 那段生活已经结束。

使用:

Past Simple


25. in my life vs when I was a child

一生到现在

I’ve never ridden a horse in my life.

我这辈子从没骑过马。

这里:

my life 还没有结束。

所以:

Present Perfect


已结束的童年

I never rode a bike when I was a child.

我小时候从来没骑过自行车。

这里:

childhood 已经结束。

所以:

Past Simple


26. 假期还没结束 vs 已经结束

假期最后一天,但仍在度假

It’s the last day of your holiday.

你可以说:

It’s been a really good holiday. I’ve really enjoyed it.

这是一次非常棒的假期。

我真的很享受。

为什么?

假期此刻还没有完全结束。


已经回来了

After you come back from holiday:

你会说:

It was a really good holiday. I really enjoyed it.

那次假期很棒。

我真的很享受。

为什么?

假期已经结束。


27. 核心不是“事情发生多久以前”

Present Perfect 和 Past Simple 的真正区别不是:

“最近发生 → Present Perfect”

“很久以前 → Past Simple”

更重要的是:

时间框架是否连接到现在。


28. 一个事情即使发生得很近,也可以用 Past Simple

例如:

I saw Tom ten minutes ago.

虽然只是:

十分钟前

但是:

ten minutes ago 是明确完成的过去时间点。

所以:

Past Simple


29. 一个事情即使从很久以前开始,也可以用 Present Perfect

例如:

I’ve lived here since 2010.

虽然从 2010 年开始已经很久。

但是:

时间一直延续到现在。

所以:

Present Perfect


30. 真正判断标准

不要问:

“这件事离现在近不近?”

应该问:

“我说的这个时间段结束了吗?”


31. Finished vs Unfinished

UnfinishedFinished
todayyesterday
this weeklast week
this yearlast year
since 2010from 2010 to 2014
recentlyon Sunday
in my lifewhen I was a child
Present PerfectPast Simple

32. Present Perfect 的时间框架

可以理解成:

过去 → 一直到 NOW

PAST ───────────────── NOW
        ↑
   relevant period

例如:

this week since 2010 recently in my life


33. Past Simple 的时间框架

过去的一个封闭时间块

PAST                          NOW
  [──────────]                 │
    finished                   │

例如:

yesterday last week in 2010 when I was a child


34. 图片全部例句整理

A — Finished time

Example原因
It was cold yesterday.yesterday 已结束
Paul and Lucy arrived ten minutes ago.ago = 过去时间
Did you eat sweets when you were a child?childhood 已结束
I got home late last night.last night 已结束
When did your friends arrive?问过去具体时间
What time did you finish work?问过去具体时间

B — Present Perfect

Example当前联系
I’ve done a lot of work today.today 还没结束
It hasn’t rained this week.this week 还没结束
Have you seen Anna this morning?现在仍是上午
Have you seen Ben recently?recent period → now
I’ve been working here since 2010.现在仍工作
I haven’t seen Lisa.最近到现在没见
We’ve been waiting for an hour.现在仍在等
He has lived there for seven years.现在仍住
I’ve never ridden a horse.一生到现在
It’s been a good holiday.假期仍未完全结束

Past Simple

Example时间已结束
I did a lot of work yesterday.yesterday
It didn’t rain last week.last week
Did you see Anna this morning?现在已经下午/晚上
Did you see Ben on Sunday?Sunday 已结束
I worked here from 2010 to 2014.工作时期结束
I didn’t see Lisa at the party.聚会已结束
We waited for an hour.现在已经不等
Jack lived in New York for ten years.已经搬走
I never rode a bike when I was a child.childhood 已结束
It was a good holiday.假期已经结束

35. Present Perfect vs Past Simple 的最强判断法

第一步:有没有明确结束的过去时间?

例如:

  • yesterday
  • ago
  • last week
  • in 2015
  • on Sunday
  • when I was young

如果有:

Past Simple

例如:

I saw him yesterday.


第二步:时间段是否一直连接到现在?

例如:

  • today
  • this week
  • since ...
  • recently
  • in my life

如果是:

Present Perfect

例如:

I’ve seen him twice this week.


第三步:现在状态是否还持续?

如果:

还在持续

倾向:

Present Perfect

如果:

已经结束

倾向:

Past Simple


36. 一个非常实用的例子

假设今天是星期三。

本周发生的事情

I’ve been to the gym twice this week.

我这周已经去过两次健身房。

因为:

本周还没有结束。


到了下周:

I went to the gym twice last week.

我上周去了两次健身房。

同一件事情:

时间框架变了

所以:

时态也变了。


37. today 也不永远等于 Present Perfect

比如已经晚上 11:59:

today technically 还没结束

仍然可以用 Present Perfect。

但实际口语中:

说话者如何看待这个时间段也会影响选择。

核心还是:

说话者是否把时间看作与现在连接。


38. Unit 13 vs Unit 14

Unit 13

重点:

Present Perfect = 当前结果

例如:

I’ve lost my key.


Unit 14

重点:

Present Perfect = 未结束时间

例如:

I’ve done a lot today.

所以 Present Perfect 可以有两个非常重要的“现在连接”:

  1. 现在结果
  2. 时间一直延续到现在

39. 完整判断模型

Present Perfect

使用条件之一:

Past event → NOW result

或者:

Past period → continues until NOW


Past Simple

使用:

Finished past event / finished past time


40. 时间轴总结

Present Perfect

PAST ─────────────────── NOW
  │                       │
  └──── connection ───────┘

例如:

I’ve worked here since 2010.


Past Simple

PAST                      NOW
  │                        │

[ finished ] │

例如:

I worked there from 2010 to 2014.


41. 最值得记住的四组

Present PerfectPast Simple
todayyesterday
this weeklast week
since 2010from 2010 to 2014
in my lifewhen I was a child

42. 最重要的一个问题

每次不知道用:

have done

还是:

did

先不要问:

“这是过去发生的吗?”

因为:

两个都可以涉及过去。

应该问:

“这个过去和现在还有连接吗?”

如果:

YES

Present Perfect

如果:

NO,时间已经关掉了

Past Simple


一句话记忆

Present Perfect

时间窗口还开着。

例如:

today / this week / since 2010 / in my life


Past Simple

时间窗口已经关了。

例如:

yesterday / last week / ten minutes ago / from 2010 to 2014


最核心:

UNFINISHED TIME → PRESENT PERFECT

FINISHED TIME → PAST SIMPLE

以及:

Have you seen Anna this morning? = 现在仍然是上午

Did you see Anna this morning? = 上午已经结束