Appearance
Unit 101 — Adjectives and adverbs 2
(well, fast, late, hard/hardly)
A. good and well
1. good 和 well
Good is an adjective. The adverb is well:
Your English is good. but You speak English well.
Sophie is a good pianist. but Sophie plays the piano well.
2. good 是形容词，well 是副词
基本关系：
good → adjective
well → adverb
例如：
Your English is good.
这里 good 描述：
English
所以使用：
adjective
而：
You speak English well.
这里 well 描述：
speak
也就是：
你英语“说得怎么样”？
所以使用：
adverb
再比较：
Sophie is a good pianist.
结构：
good + noun
这里：
good → pianist
Sophie plays the piano well.
这里：
well → plays
表示：
弹得很好
3. good 和 well 的核心区别
可以记成：
good + noun
例如：
a good student
a good driver
a good pianist
而：
verb + well
例如：
speak well
drive well
play well
work well
4. well + past participle
We use well (not good) with past participles (known / educated etc.).
For example:
- well-known
- well-educated
- well-paid
- well-behaved
例如：
Sophie’s father is a well-known writer.
Sophie 的父亲是一位著名作家。
常见结构：
well + past participle
例如：
well-known 著名的
well-educated 受过良好教育的
well-paid 薪水高的
well-behaved 表现良好的
注意：
✅ a well-known writer
而不是：
❌ a good-known writer
5. well 也可以是形容词
Well is also an adjective meaning:
in good health
也就是：
身体健康的 / 身体状况良好的
例如：
‘How are you today?’ ‘I’m very well, thanks.’
意思：
“你今天怎么样？”
“我很好，谢谢。”
这里的 well 不是“做得好”，而是：
身体健康、身体状况良好
所以这里：
well = adjective
B. fast, hard and late
6. fast / hard / late 的特殊之处
These words are both adjectives and adverbs:
fast
hard
late
它们既可以是：
adjective
也可以是：
adverb
而且作为副词时：
不需要加 -ly
7. fast
adjective
Darren is a fast runner.
Darren 是一个跑得很快的人。
这里：
fast → runner
所以：
adjective
adverb
Darren can run fast.
Darren 能跑得很快。
这里：
fast → run
所以：
adverb
因此：
a fast runner
和：
run fast
都是正确的。
不是：
❌ run fastly
8. hard
adjective
It’s hard to find a job right now.
现在很难找到工作。
这里：
hard = difficult
意思：
困难的
adverb
Kate works hard.
Kate 工作很努力。
这里：
hard → works
意思：
努力地
所以：
hard 也可以直接作为副词
不是：
❌ Kate works hardly.
因为：
hardly ≠ hard
这是本单元非常重要的区别。
9. late
adjective
Sorry I’m late.
抱歉，我迟到了。
这里：
late 描述 I 的状态
所以：
adjective
adverb
I got up late.
我起床晚了。
这里：
late → got up
表示：
起床得晚
所以：
adverb
10. fast / hard / late 总结
| Word | Adjective | Adverb |
|---|---|---|
| fast | a fast runner | run fast |
| hard | a hard job | work hard |
| late | be late | arrive late |
它们的特点：
adjective 和 adverb 形式相同
所以不要机械地认为：
副词 = adjective + -ly
1. late 和 lately 不一样
late
late = not early
意思：
晚、迟
例如：
I got up late.
我起床晚了。
He arrived late.
他迟到了。
lately
lately = recently
意思：
最近、近来
例如：
Have you seen Kate lately?
你最近见过 Kate 吗？
所以：
late ≠ lately
不要理解成：
late → lately
只是普通的“形容词 → 副词”变化。
它们的意思已经不同。
对比
I arrived late.
我到晚了 / 我迟到了。
I haven’t seen him lately.
我最近没见过他。
C. hardly
12. hardly 的意思
hardly = very little, almost not
也就是：
几乎不
几乎没有
这是本单元最重要的知识点之一。
例如：
Sarah wasn’t very friendly at the party. She hardly spoke to me.
Sarah 在聚会上不是很友好。她几乎没跟我说话。
这里：
hardly spoke
等于：
spoke very little
再例如：
We’ve only met once or twice. We hardly know each other.
我们只见过一两次。
我们几乎不了解彼此。
13. hard 和 hardly 完全不同
比较：
He tried hard to find a job, but he had no luck.
他很努力地找工作，但运气不好。
这里：
hard = with a lot of effort
意思：
努力地
而：
I’m not surprised he didn’t find a job. He hardly tried.
他没找到工作我一点也不惊讶。他几乎没努力。
这里：
hardly = very little / almost not
所以：
work hard = 努力工作
而：
hardly work = 几乎不工作
这两个意思几乎相反。
14. 一个非常重要的对比
I work hard every day.
我每天努力工作。
但是：
I hardly work on Sundays.
我星期天几乎不工作。
可以直接记住：
hard = 努力地
hardly = 几乎不
2. hardly 的位置
Hardly goes before the verb:
例如：
We hardly know each other.
而不是：
❌ We know each other hardly.
所以常见结构是：
hardly + verb
例如：
hardly know
hardly speak
hardly eat
hardly sleep
hardly work
16. hardly + 普通动词
例如：
I hardly watch TV.
我几乎不看电视。
She hardly eats breakfast.
她几乎不吃早餐。
We hardly talk these days.
我们最近几乎不说话。
17. hardly 和助动词 / 情态动词
如果句子中有：
can / could / have / be
等，hardly 通常放在它们后面。
例如教材中的：
I can hardly read it.
我几乎看不懂它。
I could hardly walk.
我几乎走不了路。
类似：
I can hardly hear you.
我几乎听不见你说话。
She could hardly believe it.
她几乎不敢相信。
3. I can hardly do something
结构：
I can hardly do something
意思：
做某件事情对我来说非常困难，几乎不可能。
教材例句：
Your writing is terrible. I can hardly read it.
你的字太糟糕了，我几乎看不懂。
也就是：
it is almost impossible to read it
再例如：
My leg was hurting. I could hardly walk.
我的腿很疼，我几乎走不了路。
常见口语：
I can hardly hear you.
我几乎听不见你说话。
I can hardly see anything.
我几乎什么都看不见。
I can hardly understand him.
我几乎听不懂他说什么。
D. hardly + any / anybody / anyone / anything / anywhere
19. hardly + any
You can use:
hardly + any
意思：
几乎没有
例如：
A: How much money do we have? B: Hardly any.
A：我们还有多少钱？
B：几乎没有了。
这里：
hardly any = very little / almost none
20. hardly any + noun
例如：
There’s hardly any difference between them.
它们之间几乎没有区别。
教材：
These two cameras are very similar. There’s hardly any difference between them.
这两台相机非常相似，它们之间几乎没有什么区别。
类似：
I have hardly any money.
我几乎没钱。
There’s hardly any food left.
几乎没有食物了。
21. hardly anybody / anyone
hardly anybody
hardly anyone
意思：
几乎没有人
教材：
The exam results were bad. Hardly anybody in our class passed.
考试成绩很差，我们班几乎没有人通过。
这里：
hardly anybody = very few people
例如：
Hardly anyone knows about this.
几乎没人知道这件事。
22. hardly anything
hardly anything
意思：
几乎什么都没有
教材：
She was very quiet. She said hardly anything.
她非常安静，几乎什么都没说。
也可以说：
She hardly said anything.
她几乎什么都没说。
图片中的例子：
There’s hardly anything in the fridge.
冰箱里几乎什么都没有。
23. hardly anywhere
hardly anywhere
意思：
几乎没有任何地方
例如：
There’s hardly anywhere to park.
几乎没有地方停车。
We went hardly anywhere during the holiday.
假期里我们几乎哪里都没去。
4. hardly ever
hardly ever = almost never
意思：
几乎从不
教材：
I’m nearly always at home in the evenings. I hardly ever go out.
晚上我几乎总是在家。我几乎从不出去。
这是非常常见的频率表达。
频率大致可以理解为：
always → usually → often → sometimes → rarely → hardly ever → never
其中：
hardly ever ≈ almost never
常见例子
I hardly ever drink coffee.
我几乎从不喝咖啡。
I hardly ever watch TV.
我几乎不看电视。
We hardly ever eat out.
我们几乎不出去吃饭。
5. hardly 也可以表示 certainly not
Hardly also means:
certainly not
即：
当然不 / 根本算不上
例如：
It’s hardly surprising that you’re tired. You haven’t slept for three days.
你累了完全不奇怪，你已经三天没睡觉了。
这里：
hardly surprising
相当于：
certainly not surprising
也就是：
一点都不令人惊讶
再例如：
The situation is serious, but it’s hardly a crisis.
情况很严重，但还远远算不上危机。
这里：
hardly a crisis
意思：
certainly not a crisis
6. good / well 思维模型
如果描述：
人或东西怎么样
通常使用：
good
例如：
Your English is good.
He is a good driver.
如果描述：
动作做得怎么样
通常使用：
well
例如：
You speak English well.
He drives well.
记：
good English
但：
speak English well
7. fast 的思维模型
fast 本身既可以是形容词，也可以是副词：
a fast car
drive fast
不要说：
❌ drive fastly
8. late / lately 思维模型
late = 晚 / 迟
例如：
arrive late
lately = recently = 最近
例如：
Have you been busy lately?
你最近忙吗？
所以：
late ≠ lately
9. hard / hardly 思维模型
这是最需要区分的一组：
hard
努力地 / 困难的
例如：
I work hard.
我努力工作。
hardly
几乎不
例如：
I hardly work.
我几乎不工作。
因此：
work hard = 努力工作
而：
hardly work = 几乎不工作
两者不要混淆。
10. 本单元核心对比表
| Word | 词性 / 意思 | Example |
|---|---|---|
| good | adjective：好的 | Your English is good. |
| well | adverb：好地 | You speak English well. |
| well | adjective：健康的 | I’m very well. |
| fast | adjective/adverb：快 | a fast car / drive fast |
| hard | adjective：困难的 | It’s hard. |
| hard | adverb：努力地 | work hard |
| late | adjective/adverb：晚、迟 | be late / arrive late |
| lately | adverb：最近 | Have you seen him lately? |
| hardly | adverb：几乎不 | I hardly know him. |
| hardly ever | 几乎从不 | I hardly ever go out. |
| hardly any | 几乎没有 | There’s hardly any food. |
| hardly anyone | 几乎没人 | Hardly anyone came. |
| hardly anything | 几乎什么都没有 | I ate hardly anything. |
11. 最终思维模型
这一单元最重要的不是背：
adjective + -ly = adverb
因为英语中有很多特殊情况。
需要重点记住下面四组：
① good → well
a good driver
drive well
② fast → fast
a fast runner
run fast
不是：
❌ fastly
③ late ≠ lately
arrive late 到得晚
lately 最近
④ hard ≠ hardly
work hard 努力工作
hardly work 几乎不工作
其中最重要的一句话：
hard = with a lot of effort
hardly = almost not
看到 hardly 时，不要翻译成“努力地”。
第一反应应该是：
几乎不 / 几乎没有