Appearance
Unit 65 — Adjective + to ...
A. hard to understand, interesting to talk to etc.
1. adjective + to do:某人 / 某物“做起来怎么样”
比较下面两个句子:
James doesn’t speak clearly.
James 说话不清楚。
因此可以说:
(a) It is hard to understand him.
很难听懂他。
或者:
(b) He is hard to understand.
他很难让人听懂。
这两个句子的意思相同。
2. 一个非常重要的结构变化
第一种:
It is hard to understand him.
结构:
It + be + adjective + to do + object
这里:
understand him
him 是 understand 的宾语。
第二种:
He is hard to understand.
结构:
subject + be + adjective + to do
这里的:
He
实际上就是 understand 的逻辑宾语。
所以不能再加 him:
❌ He is hard to understand him.
正确:
He is hard to understand.
3. 核心思维
例如:
This book is easy to read.
不要理解成:
这本书很容易“去阅读”。
而应该理解成:
这本书读起来很容易。
逻辑关系其实是:
read this book
因此:
This book
↓
is easy
↓
to read
↓
这本书读起来很容易
4. 可以这样使用的形容词
| Adjective | 中文 |
|---|---|
| easy | 容易的 |
| difficult | 困难的 |
| nice | 好的 / 令人愉快的 |
| good | 好的 |
| safe | 安全的 |
| dangerous | 危险的 |
| cheap | 便宜的 |
| expensive | 昂贵的 |
| exciting | 令人兴奋的 |
| interesting | 有趣的 |
| impossible | 不可能的 |
5. safe to drink
Do you think it is safe to drink this water?
你认为喝这个水安全吗?
也可以说:
Do you think this water is safe to drink?
你认为这个水喝起来安全吗?
注意:
❌ Do you think this water is safe to drink it?
因为:
this water
已经是:
drink this water
中的逻辑宾语。
所以后面不能再出现 it。
6. impossible to answer
The exam questions were very hard.
考试题非常难。
因此:
It was impossible to answer them.
这些题根本无法回答。
也可以说:
The exam questions were impossible to answer.
这些考试题根本无法回答。
不能说:
❌ The exam questions were impossible to answer them.
7. interesting to talk to
Nicola has lots of interesting ideas.
Nicola 有很多有趣的想法。
所以:
It’s interesting to talk to her.
和她聊天很有意思。
也可以说:
Nicola is interesting to talk to.
Nicola 是一个聊起来很有趣的人。
注意这里必须保留:
to
因为:
talk to somebody
所以:
Nicola is interesting to talk to.
不能说:
❌ Nicola is interesting to talk.
也不能说:
❌ Nicola is interesting to talk to her.
8. adjective + noun + to do
这种结构还可以与:
adjective + noun
一起使用。
例如:
This is a difficult question to answer.
这是一个很难回答的问题。
这里:
answer the question
所以 question 已经是 answer 的逻辑宾语。
因此不能说:
❌ This is a difficult question to answer it.
9. A 部分核心结构
结构一
It + be + adjective + to do + object
例如:
It is difficult to understand him.
结构二
Subject + be + adjective + to do
例如:
He is difficult to understand.
结构三
adjective + noun + to do
例如:
a difficult question to answer
B. nice of (you) to ...
10. It is + adjective + of somebody + to do
我们可以说:
It’s nice of somebody to do something.
表示:
某人做某事,说明这个人怎么样。
例如:
It was nice of you to take me to the airport. Thank you very much.
你送我去机场真是太好了。非常感谢。
这里评价的是:
you
这个人的行为。
11. 可以使用的形容词
| Adjective | 中文 |
|---|---|
| kind | 善良的 |
| generous | 慷慨的 |
| careless | 粗心的 |
| silly | 愚蠢的 |
| stupid | 愚蠢的 |
| inconsiderate | 不体谅别人的 |
| unfair | 不公平的 |
| typical | 一贯如此的 / 典型的 |
12. silly of somebody to do
It’s silly of Ruth to give up her job when she needs the money.
Ruth 在需要钱的时候辞掉工作,这样做很傻。
这里:
silly
是在评价:
Ruth
做这件事情的行为。
13. unfair of somebody to do
I think it was unfair of him to criticise me.
我认为他批评我是不公平的。
结构:
It + be + adjective + of somebody + to do
14. 为什么这里使用 of?
因为这些形容词是在:
评价一个人的行为 / 品质
例如:
It was kind of you to help me.
≈
You were kind to help me.
你的行为很友善。
所以:
somebody does something
↓
评价这个人的行为
↓
It is + adjective
+
of somebody
+
to do
C. sorry to ... / surprised to ... etc.
15. adjective + to do:表达人的反应或感受
我们还可以使用:
adjective + to do
来说明某人对某件事情的:
reaction(反应 / 感受)
例如:
I’m sorry to hear that your mother isn’t well.
听说你妈妈身体不好,我很难过。
这里:
sorry
表示听到这件事情后的感受。
16. 常见形容词
| Adjective | 中文 |
|---|---|
| glad | 高兴的 |
| pleased | 高兴的 / 满意的 |
| relieved | 如释重负的 |
| surprised | 惊讶的 |
| amazed | 非常惊讶的 |
| sad | 难过的 |
| disappointed | 失望的 |
17. surprised to see
Was Julia surprised to see you?
Julia 看到你时感到惊讶吗?
结构:
somebody + be + feeling adjective + to do
18. glad to get home
It was a long and tiring journey.
这是一段漫长而疲惫的旅程。
We were glad to get home.
我们很高兴终于到家了。
19. 常见表达
I’m glad to see you.
见到你很高兴。
I’m sorry to hear that.
听到这个消息我很难过。
I was surprised to see him.
看到他我很惊讶。
We were relieved to hear the news.
听到这个消息我们松了一口气。
She was disappointed to lose the game.
输掉比赛她很失望。
D. the next / the last / the only / the first / the second + to do
20. 序数 / 顺序表达 + to do
我们可以在这些词后使用:
to + verb
包括:
the next
the last
the only
the first
the second
等等。
21. the next + noun + to do
The next train to arrive at platform 4 will be the 10.50 to Liverpool.
下一班到达 4 号站台的火车是 10:50 开往 Liverpool 的列车。
结构:
the next + noun + to do
表示:
下一个做某事的……
22. the only one to do
Everybody was late except me.
除了我,每个人都迟到了。
I was the only one to arrive on time.
我是唯一一个准时到达的人。
结构:
the only one + to do
23. the first to do
If I have any more news, you will be the first to know.
如果我有更多消息,你会是第一个知道的人。
这里:
the first to know
≈
the first person to know
24. 常见结构
| 结构 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| the first to do | 第一个做……的人 |
| the second to do | 第二个做……的人 |
| the next to do | 下一个做……的人 |
| the last to do | 最后一个做……的人 |
| the only one to do | 唯一做……的人 |
例如:
She was the first to arrive.
她是第一个到达的人。
Tom was the last to leave.
Tom 是最后一个离开的人。
He was the only person to answer the question.
他是唯一回答这个问题的人。
E. sure / likely / bound to happen
25. be sure to do
可以说:
something / somebody + be sure to do
表示:
肯定会…… / 一定会……
例如:
She is sure to pass the exam.
她肯定会通过考试。
26. be bound to do
Carla is a very good student.
Carla 是一个非常优秀的学生。
所以:
She’s bound to pass the exam.
她肯定会通过考试。
图片中说明:
bound to pass
≈
sure to pass
27. be likely to do
It’s possible I’ll win the lottery one day, but it’s not likely to happen.
我有可能有一天会中彩票,但这种事情不太可能发生。
这里:
be likely to do
表示:
很可能会……
而:
be not likely to do
表示:
不太可能会……
28. sure / likely / bound 的区别
| 结构 | 核心意思 | 程度 |
|---|---|---|
| be likely to do | 很可能做…… | 可能性较高 |
| be sure to do | 肯定会做…… | 很确定 |
| be bound to do | 肯定 / 必然会做…… | 非常确定 |
例如:
It’s likely to rain.
很可能会下雨。
It’s sure to rain.
肯定会下雨。
It’s bound to rain.
肯定 / 必然会下雨。
29. A 和 C 两种 adjective + to do 不要混淆
Unit 65 中最重要的是理解:
adjective + to do
实际上有不同的逻辑关系。
类型 1:某物“做起来怎么样”
This book is easy to read.
这本书读起来很容易。
逻辑:
read this book
这里 this book 是 read 的逻辑宾语。
类型 2:某人“做某事时感觉怎么样”
I’m glad to see you.
见到你我很高兴。
逻辑:
I see you
这里 I 是 see 的执行者。
30. 对比
He is hard to understand.
他很难让人理解。
这里:
understand him
所以 he 是逻辑宾语。
He is glad to understand the problem.
他很高兴理解了这个问题。
这里:
he understands the problem
所以 he 是动作执行者。
31. B 部分:评价“人”
如果你看到:
It is + adjective + of somebody + to do
通常是在:
评价这个人的行为
例如:
It was kind of you to help me.
你帮助我真是太好了。
核心:
YOU helped me
↓
这个行为怎么样?
↓
KIND
↓
It was kind OF YOU to help me.
32. D 部分:表示顺序 / 身份
如果出现:
first / second / next / last / only
经常使用:
to do
例如:
He was the first to arrive.
他是第一个到达的人。
核心:
WHO?
↓
the first
↓
TO DO WHAT?
↓
to arrive
33. E 部分:表示事情发生的可能性
如果出现:
sure / likely / bound
可以使用:
be + adjective + to do
例如:
She is likely to win.
她很可能会赢。
She is sure to win.
她肯定会赢。
She is bound to win.
她必定会赢。
34. 最容易犯的错误
错误:
❌ He is hard to understand him.
正确:
He is hard to understand.
因为:
He = understand him 中的 him
错误:
❌ This book is easy to read it.
正确:
This book is easy to read.
因为:
This book = read this book 中的宾语
错误:
❌ Nicola is interesting to talk.
正确:
Nicola is interesting to talk to.
因为:
talk to somebody
错误:
❌ This is a difficult question to answer it.
正确:
This is a difficult question to answer.
错误:
❌ It was nice for you to help me.
当你是在评价对方“人很好”时:
It was nice of you to help me.
35. 一个重要判断:of somebody 还是 for somebody?
本单元主要学习:
It is adjective OF somebody to do
用于:
评价某个人的行为
例如:
It was careless of him to leave the door open.
他没关门,真粗心。
这里:
careless
是在评价:
him
而:
for somebody to do
通常不是评价这个人的品质,而是描述:
对某人来说做某事怎么样
例如:
It is difficult for me to understand this.
对我来说理解这个很困难。
所以:
| 结构 | 核心 |
|---|---|
| adjective + of somebody + to do | 评价这个人 |
| adjective + for somebody + to do | 对这个人来说做某事怎么样 |
36. Unit 65 五大结构
① 某物做起来怎么样
subject + be + adjective + to do
例如:
This book is easy to read.
② 评价某人的行为
It + be + adjective + of somebody + to do
例如:
It was kind of you to help me.
③ 表达人的反应 / 感受
somebody + be + adjective + to do
例如:
I’m glad to see you.
④ 顺序 / 唯一性
the first / second / next / last / only + to do
例如:
He was the first to arrive.
⑤ 可能性 / 确定性
be sure / likely / bound + to do
例如:
She is likely to win.
37. 如何判断 adjective + to do 的逻辑主宾关系
这是这一单元非常值得掌握的地方。
看到:
Subject + be + adjective + to do
可以问自己:
Subject 是 do 的执行者,还是承受者?
承受者
This book is easy to read.
还原:
Someone reads this book.
所以:
this book = read 的宾语
中文通常翻译:
这本书读起来……
执行者
I’m glad to see you.
还原:
I see you.
所以:
I = see 的主语
中文通常翻译:
我做……感到……
38. 最终思维模型
ADJECTIVE + TO DO
│
├── 某人/某物“做起来怎么样”?
│
│ This book is easy to read.
│ He is hard to understand.
│
│ → 主语是 to do 的逻辑宾语
│
├── 评价某人的行为?
│
│ It was kind of you to help me.
│
│ → adjective + OF somebody + to do
│
├── 某人的感受/反应?
│
│ I'm glad to see you.
│ I'm sorry to hear that.
│
│ → 主语是 to do 的执行者
│
├── 表示顺序/唯一性?
│
│ the first to arrive
│ the last to leave
│ the only one to know
│
└── 表示可能性/确定性?
│
├── likely to do
├── sure to do
└── bound to do
39. 一句话记住 Unit 65
This book is easy to read. 某物做起来怎么样
It was kind of you to help me. 评价某人的行为
I’m glad to see you. 表达人的感受 / 反应
He was the first to arrive. 第几个 / 唯一一个做某事的人
She is bound to pass the exam. 某事很可能 / 肯定会发生