Appearance
Unit 93 — Relative clauses 2: clauses with and without who / that / which
核心主题
这一单元继续学习:
Relative clauses(关系从句 / 定语从句)
重点解决一个非常重要的问题:
什么时候 who / that / which 不能省略?
什么时候 who / that / which 可以省略?
核心判断方法:
看 who / that / which 在关系从句中是主语(subject),还是宾语(object)。
A. who / that / which 作主语时:不能省略
先看 Unit 92 的例子:
The woman who lives next door to me is a doctor.
住在我隔壁的那个女人是一名医生。
也可以说:
The woman that lives next door to me is a doctor.
1. 分析句子结构
关系从句是:
who lives next door to me
把 who 换回它代表的人:
The woman lives next door to me.
这里:
who = the woman
而 the woman 是动作:
lives
的主语。
所以:
who 是关系从句的 subject(主语)
因此:
✅ The woman who lives next door to me is a doctor.
✅ The woman that lives next door to me is a doctor.
不能省略:
❌ The woman lives next door to me is a doctor.
2. that / which 作主语
再看:
Where are the keys that were on the table?
之前放在桌子上的钥匙在哪里?
也可以:
Where are the keys which were on the table?
把关系词换回原来的名词:
The keys were on the table.
这里:
that = the keys
而:
the keys
是:
were
的主语。
所以:
that 是关系从句的 subject
因此不能省略。
核心规则 1
当:
who / that / which = 关系从句的主语
必须保留:
不能省略。
结构:
名词 + who / that / which + 动词
例如:
the man who works here
the car that broke down
the book which is on the table
B. who / that / which 作宾语时:可以省略
有时候:
who / that / which
不是从句的主语,而是:
object(宾语)
这时候就可以省略。
3. who 作宾语
例如:
The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.
我想见的那个女人去度假了。
关系从句:
who I wanted to see
原来的结构是:
I wanted to see the woman.
分析:
I = subject wanted to see = verb the woman = object
所以:
who = the woman = object
因此 who 可以省略:
The woman I wanted to see was away on holiday.
这完全正确。
也可以保留:
The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.
两种都可以。
4. that 作宾语
例如:
Did you find the keys that you lost?
你找到你丢失的钥匙了吗?
关系从句:
that you lost
原来的句子:
You lost the keys.
分析:
you = subject
the keys = object
所以:
that = the keys = object
因此 that 可以省略:
Did you find the keys you lost?
核心规则 2
当:
who / that / which = object
可以:
省略关系词
所以:
the woman who I wanted to see
可以变成:
the woman I wanted to see
the keys that you lost
可以变成:
the keys you lost
5. 更多例子
保留关系词
The dress that Lisa bought doesn’t fit her very well.
Lisa 买的那件连衣裙不太合身。
省略关系词
The dress Lisa bought doesn’t fit her very well.
两种都正确。
因为原始结构:
Lisa bought the dress.
the dress 是宾语。
再例如:
Is there anything that I can do?
有什么我能做的吗?
可以省略:
Is there anything I can do?
因为:
I can do something.
这里 something / anything 是 do 的宾语。
6. 如何快速判断能不能省略?
这是这一单元最重要的技巧。
观察关系词后面是什么。
情况 ①:关系词后面直接是动词
例如:
the man who works here
结构:
who + works
who 自己就是主语。
所以:
❌ 不能省略
the car that broke down
结构:
that + broke
that 是主语。
所以:
❌ 不能省略
情况 ②:关系词后面已经有另一个主语
例如:
the man who I met
关系词后面:
I
已经是主语。
说明:
who = object
所以可以省略:
the man I met
再例如:
the book that I bought
that 后面已经有:
I
所以:
that = object
可以省略:
the book I bought
最实用的判断口诀
看到:
who / that / which + 动词
通常:
不能省略
例如:
the man who works here
看到:
who / that / which + 主语 + 动词
通常:
可以省略
例如:
the man who I met
↓
the man I met
7. 省略后不要再加代词
例如:
the keys you lost
正确。
因为:
the keys
已经是 lost 的宾语。
不能说:
❌ the keys you lost them
同样:
the dress Lisa bought
正确。
不能说:
❌ the dress Lisa bought it
为什么?
原始句:
Lisa bought the dress.
合并以后:
the dress Lisa bought
the dress 已经承担了 bought 的宾语作用。
所以不能再加:
it
C. 关系从句中的介词位置
这一部分非常实用。
重点是:
to / in / for / with / on 等介词
在日常英语的关系从句中,通常可以留在:
从句末尾
8. talk to
原本两个句子:
Tom is talking to a woman.
Tom 正在和一个女人说话。
Do you know her?
你认识她吗?
合并:
Do you know the woman Tom is talking to?
你认识 Tom 正在和她说话的那个女人吗?
也可以保留关系词:
Do you know the woman who Tom is talking to?
或者:
Do you know the woman that Tom is talking to?
这里:
to
仍然放在最后。
结构:
the woman + Tom + is talking to
这在日常英语中非常自然。
9. sleep in
原来的句子:
I slept in a bed.
我睡在一张床上。
It wasn’t comfortable.
它不舒服。
合并:
The bed I slept in wasn’t comfortable.
我睡的那张床不舒服。
也可以:
The bed that I slept in wasn’t comfortable.
The bed which I slept in wasn’t comfortable.
10. look for
例如:
Are these the books you were looking for?
这些就是你一直在找的书吗?
也可以:
Are these the books that you were looking for?
Are these the books which you were looking for?
注意:
look for
是一个整体:
寻找
所以:
for
留在句尾。
11. sit next to
例如:
The man I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time.
我在飞机上坐在他旁边的那个男人一直说个不停。
也可以:
The man who I was sitting next to ...
或者:
The man that I was sitting next to ...
12. 不要重复宾语
正确:
the books you were looking for
错误:
❌ the books you were looking for them
因为:
the books
已经是 for 的宾语。
正确:
the man I was sitting next to
错误:
❌ the man I was sitting next to him
因为:
the man
已经是 to 的宾语。
常见结构
日常英语里经常出现:
the person I talked to
我与之交谈的那个人
the company I work for
我工作的公司
the house I live in
我住的房子
the chair I sat on
我坐的椅子
the problem we talked about
我们讨论的问题
the person I went with
和我一起去的那个人
这些句子虽然最后有介词:
to / for / in / on / about / with
但完全自然。
D. Everything that ... / What ...
继续比较:
that
和:
what
13. Everything + that
我们说:
Everything that they said was true.
他们说的一切都是真的。
也可以省略 that:
Everything they said was true.
因为:
they said everything
这里:
everything = object
所以 that 可以省略。
不能说:
❌ Everything what they said was true.
因为:
everything
已经是先行词。
后面应该使用:
that
或者省略。
14. all the money + that
例如:
I gave her all the money that I had.
我把我所有的钱都给了她。
可以省略:
I gave her all the money I had.
不能说:
❌ all the money what I had
15. What = the thing(s) that
what 本身的意思是:
the thing(s) that
所以:
What they said was true.
他们说的话是真的。
等于:
The things that they said were true.
这里没有:
everything
the things
something
等先行词。
因为:
what
本身已经包含:
the thing(s) that
that 和 what 的核心区别
前面已经有名词 / 代词
使用:
that
例如:
Everything that I know
我知道的一切
The things that I bought
我买的东西
All the money that I have
我所有的钱
前面没有先行词
使用:
what
例如:
What I know
我知道的事情
What I bought
我买的东西
What I need
我需要的东西
Unit 93 最重要的核心:主语 vs 宾语
这是整个 Unit 93 最值得掌握的内容。
① 关系词是主语 → 不能省略
例如:
The man who called me is Tom.
给我打电话的男人是 Tom。
关系从句:
who called me
原始结构:
The man called me.
所以:
who = subject
因此:
❌ 不能省略
② 关系词是宾语 → 可以省略
例如:
The man who I called is Tom.
我打电话给的那个男人是 Tom。
原始结构:
I called the man.
所以:
who = object
可以说:
The man I called is Tom.
一组非常重要的对比
The man who called me
给我打电话的男人
原始句:
The man called me.
所以:
who = subject
不能省略。
The man I called
我打电话给的男人
原始句:
I called the man.
所以:
the man = object
关系词可以省略。
再对比一组
The car that hit me
撞我的那辆车。
原始句:
The car hit me.
that 是主语。
所以:
❌ 不能省略
The car I bought
我买的那辆车。
原始句:
I bought the car.
that 是宾语。
所以可以:
The car that I bought
或者:
The car I bought
快速判断表
| 结构 | 关系词作用 | 能否省略 |
|---|---|---|
| the man who called me | subject | ❌ 不能 |
| the man who I called | object | ✅ 可以 |
| the car that broke down | subject | ❌ 不能 |
| the car that I bought | object | ✅ 可以 |
| the book which is expensive | subject | ❌ 不能 |
| the book which I bought | object | ✅ 可以 |
最快判断方法
不要一开始分析复杂语法。
直接观察:
关系词后面有没有主语?
没有其他主语
the man who works here
who 就是主语:
❌ 不能省略
已经有主语
the man who I work with
I 已经是主语:
who = object
所以:
✅ the man I work with
Unit 93 最终思维模型
text
名词
│
├── who / that / which 是从句主语
│
│ ↓
│ 不能省略
│
│ the man WHO works here
│ the car THAT broke down
│
└── who / that / which 是从句宾语
↓
可以省略
the man (WHO) I met
the car (THAT) I bought
the book (WHICH) I read一句话记忆
关系词自己“做动作” → 不能省。
例如:
the man who works here
是 who 在 work。
关系词是“动作的对象” → 可以省。
例如:
the man (who) I met
是 I 做 meet 这个动作,而 the man 是被我见到的人。
所以:
主语不能省,宾语可以省。
这就是 Unit 93 最核心的规则。