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Unit 100 — Adjectives and adverbs 1
(quick/quickly)
A. Adjectives and adverbs
You can say:
- Our holiday was too short – the time passed very quickly.
- Two people were seriously injured in the accident.
Quickly and seriously are adverbs.
Many adverbs are:
adjective + -ly
| adjective | adverb |
|---|---|
| quick | quickly |
| serious | seriously |
| careful | carefully |
| bad | badly |
| heavy | heavily |
| terrible | terribly |
For spelling, see Appendix 6.
1. 形容词变副词的基本规则
很多副词可以通过：
adjective + -ly → adverb
构成。
例如：
quick → quickly
careful → carefully
serious → seriously
bad → badly
quick → quickly
quick 是形容词：
a quick answer
一个快速的回答。
quickly 是副词：
He answered quickly.
他很快地回答了。
careful → carefully
careful：
a careful driver
一个小心的司机。
carefully：
He drives carefully.
他开车很小心。
2. -y 结尾的变化
例如：
heavy → heavily
这里不是：
❌ heavyly
而是：
heavy → heavily
通常：
辅音字母 + y → i + ly
类似：
easy → easily
happy → happily
angry → angrily
3. -le 结尾的常见变化
例如：
terrible → terribly
不是：
❌ terriblely
类似：
possible → possibly
simple → simply
comfortable → comfortably
4. 不是所有 -ly 结尾的单词都是副词
Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs.
Some adjectives end in -ly too, for example:
- friendly
- lively
- elderly
- lonely
- lovely
例如：
It was a lovely day.
这是美好的一天。
这里：
lovely → adjective
因为它修饰：
day → noun
所以不要看到：
-ly
就自动认为：
副词
B. Adjective or adverb?
Adjectives
Adjectives (quick/careful etc.) tell us about a noun (somebody or something).
We use adjectives before nouns:
Sam is a careful driver. (not a carefully driver)
We didn’t go out because of the heavy rain.
Adverbs
Adverbs (quickly/carefully etc.) tell us about a verb:
how somebody does something
或者：
how something happens
例如：
Sam drove carefully along the narrow road. (not drove careful)
We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily. (not raining heavy)
5. Adjective 修饰 noun
最核心的结构：
adjective + noun
例如：
a careful driver
careful 修饰：
driver
driver 是名词，所以使用：
adjective
再例如：
heavy rain
heavy 修饰：
rain
所以：
adjective + noun
其他例子：
a quick car
a beautiful house
an interesting book
a serious problem
6. Adverb 修饰 verb
副词经常告诉我们：
一个动作是怎样发生的
结构：
verb + adverb
例如：
Sam drove carefully.
carefully 描述：
Sam 是怎么开车的？
答案：
carefully
所以使用副词。
再例如：
It was raining heavily.
heavily 描述：
雨是怎么下的？
答案：
heavily
7. careful 和 carefully 对比
比较：
Sam is a careful driver.
这里：
careful → driver
即：
adjective → noun
而：
Sam drives carefully.
这里：
carefully → drives
即：
adverb → verb
所以：
careful driver
但：
drive carefully
8. perfect 和 perfectly
Compare:
She speaks perfect English.
结构：
adjective + noun
即：
perfect → English
这里 English 是名词。
而：
She speaks English perfectly.
结构：
verb + noun + adverb
即：
perfectly → speaks
表示：
她英语说得非常好 / 完美。
因此：
perfect English
但是：
speak English perfectly
9. 快速判断 adjective / adverb
问自己一个问题：
这个词在描述什么？
如果描述：
人 / 东西 / 名词
使用：
adjective
如果描述：
动作 / verb
使用：
adverb
例如：
He is a careful driver.
careful 描述：
driver
所以：
adjective
He drives carefully.
carefully 描述：
drives
所以：
adverb
C. Adjectives after some verbs
We use adjectives after some verbs, especially be, and also look / feel / sound etc.
Compare:
Adjective
- Please be quiet.
- My exam results were really bad.
- Why do you always look so serious?
- I feel happy.
Adverb
- Please speak quietly.
- I did really badly in the exam.
- Why do you never take me seriously?
- The children were playing happily.
10. be + adjective
在：
be + ...
结构中，如果后面的词描述主语的状态，使用：
adjective
例如：
Please be quiet.
quiet 描述：
you 的状态
所以：
adjective
而不是：
❌ be quietly
再例如：
My exam results were really bad.
bad 描述：
exam results
所以使用形容词。
11. look + adjective
Why do you always look so serious?
serious 描述：
you
意思：
你为什么总是看起来这么严肃？
所以使用：
serious
而不是：
❌ look seriously
12. feel + adjective
I feel happy.
happy 描述：
I 的感觉 / 状态
所以使用：
adjective
这和 Unit 99 的规则完全一致：
be / look / feel / sound / smell / taste + adjective
例如：
You look tired.
I feel happy.
She sounds angry.
The food smells good.
The soup tastes strange.
13. speak quietly
比较：
Please be quiet.
和：
Please speak quietly.
第一句：
quiet 描述 you 的状态
所以：
adjective
第二句：
quietly 描述 speak 的方式
所以：
adverb
关系：
be quiet
但是：
speak quietly
14. bad 和 badly
比较：
My exam results were really bad.
bad 描述：
results
所以：
adjective
I did really badly in the exam.
badly 描述：
did
即：
考试考得怎么样？
答案：
badly
所以：
adverb
15. serious 和 seriously
比较：
You look serious.
serious 描述：
you
所以：
adjective
You don’t take me seriously.
seriously 描述：
take
意思：
你没有认真对待我。
所以：
adverb
16. happy 和 happily
比较：
I feel happy.
happy 描述：
I
所以：
adjective
The children were playing happily.
happily 描述：
playing
意思：
孩子们开心地玩耍。
所以：
adverb
17. 不要只根据动词判断
看到动词后面有一个词，不代表一定要使用副词。
例如：
You look tired.
虽然：
look
是动词，但是 tired 不是描述：
look 这个动作怎么发生
而是在描述：
you 的状态
所以：
adjective
而：
He looked carefully at the picture.
这里 carefully 描述：
他怎么看？
答案：
carefully
所以：
adverb
比较：
He looks careful.
他看起来很小心。
这里：
careful → he
He looks carefully at the picture.
他仔细地看这张图片。
这里：
carefully → looks
这两种结构的逻辑完全不同。
D. Adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs
You can also use adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs.
For example:
reasonably cheap(adverb + adjective)
terribly sorry(adverb + adjective)
incredibly quickly(adverb + adverb)
18. Adverb + Adjective
副词不仅可以修饰动词，还可以：
修饰 adjective
例如：
reasonably cheap
其中：
- reasonably = adverb
- cheap = adjective
意思：
相当便宜 / 价格还算合理
terribly sorry
其中：
- terribly = adverb
- sorry = adjective
意思：
非常抱歉
教材例句：
It’s a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good.
这是家价格相当便宜的餐厅，而且食物非常好。
这里：
reasonably → cheap
extremely → good
都是：
adverb → adjective
19. Adverb + Adverb
副词也可以：
修饰另一个副词
例如：
incredibly quickly
其中：
- incredibly = adverb
- quickly = adverb
意思：
快得令人难以置信 / 非常快
教材：
Maria learns languages incredibly quickly.
Maria 学语言学得非常快。
结构：
learns → quickly
而：
incredibly → quickly
所以：
verb ← adverb ← adverb
20. surprisingly easy
The exam was surprisingly easy.
其中：
- surprisingly = adverb
- easy = adjective
意思：
考试出乎意料地简单。
结构：
adverb + adjective
21. 常见的程度副词
副词经常放在形容词前表示程度：
very good
really good
extremely good
incredibly good
surprisingly good
reasonably good
例如：
The food is extremely good.
The exam was surprisingly easy.
22. Adverb + Past Participle
You can also use an adverb before a past participle:
injured / organised / written etc.
例如：
Two people were seriously injured in the accident. (not serious injured)
其中：
- seriously = adverb
- injured = past participle
所以：
adverb + past participle
再例如：
The conference was badly organised.
意思：
会议组织得很差。
其中：
badly → organised
其他常见结构：
well organised
组织得很好
carefully written
认真写成的
badly damaged
严重损坏的
seriously injured
严重受伤的
23. Adjective 和 Adverb 的核心区别
可以把这一单元压缩成：
Adjective
描述：
noun / somebody / something
例如：
a careful driver
heavy rain
perfect English
Adverb
描述：
verb / adjective / adverb / past participle
例如：
drive carefully
extremely good
incredibly quickly
seriously injured
24. 四种最重要结构
① Adjective + Noun
a careful driver
heavy rain
perfect English
结构：
adjective → noun
② Verb + Adverb
drive carefully
rain heavily
speak quietly
play happily
结构：
verb ← adverb
③ Adverb + Adjective
reasonably cheap
terribly sorry
extremely good
surprisingly easy
结构：
adverb → adjective
④ Adverb + Adverb
incredibly quickly
very slowly
really carefully
结构：
adverb → adverb
25. 和 Unit 99 的联系
Unit 99 学到：
You look tired.
而 Unit 100 进一步解释：
为什么不是：
❌ You look tiredly.
因为：
tired
描述的是：
you
不是：
look 这个动作
所以使用：
adjective
但是：
He looked carefully at the screen.
这里：
carefully
描述的是：
look 这个动作怎么发生
所以使用：
adverb
这就是判断 adjective / adverb 最重要的逻辑：
不要只看它放在哪个动词后面。
而应该看：
它到底在修饰谁。
26. 最终思维模型
遇到 adjective / adverb 不知道怎么选时，不要先想：
“这里是不是动词后面？”
而应该问：
这个词到底在描述什么？
描述名词 / 人 / 东西
使用：
Adjective
例如：
a careful driver
You look tired.
The food is good.
描述动作怎么发生
使用：
Adverb
例如：
drive carefully
speak quietly
rain heavily
描述另一个形容词
使用：
Adverb + Adjective
例如：
extremely good
surprisingly easy
描述另一个副词
使用：
Adverb + Adverb
例如：
incredibly quickly
描述过去分词
使用：
Adverb + Past Participle
例如：
seriously injured
badly organised
27. 一句话记忆
Adjective 描述“谁 / 什么怎么样”。
Adverb 描述“动作怎么做 / 程度怎么样”。
最典型的对比：
He is a careful driver.
He drives carefully.
She speaks perfect English.
She speaks English perfectly.
Please be quiet.
Please speak quietly.
I feel happy.
I play happily.
最终可以记成：
adjective → noun / subject
adverb → verb / adjective / adverb / past participle