Unit 15 — Past perfect

I had done

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A. Past Perfect：过去完成时

1. Example situation

Sarah 和 Paul 上周去了同一个聚会，但是他们没有见到彼此。

Paul 在：

10:30

离开了聚会。

Sarah 在：

11:00

到达聚会。

所以当 Sarah 到达时：

Paul wasn’t there.

Paul 已经不在那里了。

因为：

He had gone home.

他已经回家了。

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2. Past Perfect 的基本结构

had + past participle

也就是：

had + 过去分词

例如：

• had gone
• had seen
• had finished
• had done
• had left
• had been

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3. 所有人称都使用 had

主语	结构
I	had gone
we	had gone
you	had gone
they	had gone
he	had gone
she	had gone
it	had gone

缩写：

I’d = I had you’d = you had we’d = we had they’d = they had he’d = he had she’d = she had

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4. Past Perfect 的核心作用

有时我们先谈过去发生的一件事情：

Sarah arrived at the party.

Sarah 到了聚会。

这成为：

过去故事中的一个参考点

然后如果我们要谈：

在这个过去时间点之前已经发生的事情

使用：

Past Perfect

例如：

When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.

Sarah 到达聚会时，Paul 已经回家了。

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5. 时间关系

10:30                 11:00
  │                     │

Paul went home Sarah arrived │ │ └─────────────────────┘ happened earlier

所以：

Paul had gone home before Sarah arrived.

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6. Past Simple vs Past Perfect

较晚发生的过去事件

Sarah arrived at the party.

使用：

Past Simple

更早发生的过去事件

Paul had gone home.

使用：

Past Perfect

所以可以先记：

过去的过去 → Past Perfect

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7. Example — somebody had broken into the flat

When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.

昨晚我们到家时，发现有人已经闯进过公寓。

顺序：

1. somebody had broken into the flat
2. we got home
3. we found it

所以：

更早发生 → had broken into

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8. Example — She’d already seen the movie

Karen didn’t come to the cinema with us. She’d already seen the movie.

Karen 没有和我们一起去电影院。

她之前已经看过那部电影了。

这里：

She’d = She had

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9. Example — I’d made a big mistake

At first I thought I’d done the right thing, but I soon realised that I’d made a big mistake.

一开始我以为自己做对了，但很快意识到自己犯了一个大错误。

这里：

had done had made

都表示：

在“realised”之前已经发生。

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10. Example — They hadn’t flown before

The people sitting next to me on the plane were nervous. They hadn’t flown before.

坐在我旁边的人很紧张。

他们以前从没坐过飞机。

也可以说：

They’d never flown before.

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11. Past Perfect 否定

结构：

had not + past participle

缩写：

hadn’t + past participle

例如：

They hadn’t flown before.

He hadn’t finished the work.

She hadn’t seen the film.

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B. Present Perfect vs Past Perfect

12. 两者的参考点不同

Present Perfect

have/has + past participle

参考点：

NOW

Past Perfect

had + past participle

参考点：

PAST

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13. Present Perfect 时间关系

PAST ───────────────▶ NOW
      have seen

例如：

Who is that woman? I’ve seen her before, but I can’t remember where.

那个女人是谁？

我以前见过她，但想不起在哪里见过。

这里：

have seen

连接到：

现在

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14. Past Perfect 时间关系

EARLIER PAST ─────▶ PAST ─────▶ NOW
      had seen

例如：

I wasn’t sure who she was. I’d seen her before, but I couldn’t remember where.

当时我不确定她是谁。

我以前见过她，但当时想不起在哪里见过。

这里：

had seen

连接的是：

过去的那个时刻

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15. have seen vs had seen

Present Perfect	Past Perfect
I’ve seen her before.	I’d seen her before.
从过去到现在	从更早过去到过去某时
参考点是 now	参考点是 past

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16. We’ve just had lunch vs We’d just had lunch

Present Perfect

We aren’t hungry. We’ve just had lunch.

我们现在不饿。

我们刚刚吃过午饭。

重点：

现在不饿

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Past Perfect

We weren’t hungry. We’d just had lunch.

我们当时不饿。

我们当时刚吃过午饭。

重点：

过去那个时候不饿

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17. hasn’t cleaned vs hadn’t cleaned

Present Perfect

The house is dirty. They haven’t cleaned it for weeks.

房子现在很脏。

他们已经几个星期没打扫了。

参考点：

NOW

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Past Perfect

The house was dirty. They hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.

房子当时很脏。

他们当时已经几个星期没打扫了。

参考点：

PAST

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18. Present Perfect vs Past Perfect 总结

Present Perfect	Past Perfect
have/has done	had done
过去 → 现在	更早过去 → 过去
I’ve seen	I’d seen
We’ve had	We’d had
They haven’t cleaned	They hadn’t cleaned

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C. Past Simple vs Past Perfect

19. Past Simple：过去某时发生

例如：

A: Was Tom there when you arrived? B: Yes, but he left soon afterwards.

A：你到的时候 Tom 在吗？

B：在，不过他不久之后就离开了。

顺序：

1. you arrived
2. Tom left

所以：

left

发生在：

arrived 之后。

使用：

Past Simple

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20. Past Perfect：在那个过去时间之前已经发生

例如：

A: Was Tom there when you arrived? B: No, he’d already left.

A：你到的时候 Tom 在吗？

B：不在，他已经走了。

顺序：

1. Tom had left
2. you arrived

所以：

更早的过去 → Past Perfect

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21. left vs had left

Sentence	时间顺序
He left soon afterwards.	arrive → leave
He had already left.	leave → arrive

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22. Example — Kate wasn’t at home

Kate wasn’t at home when I phoned. She was at her mother’s house.

我打电话时 Kate 不在家。

她当时在她妈妈家。

这里都是：

Past Simple

因为描述的是：

同一个过去时间点的状态。

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23. Example — Kate had just got home

Kate had just got home when I phoned. She’d been at her mother’s house.

我打电话时，Kate 刚刚到家。

她之前一直在她妈妈家。

时间顺序：

1. She had been at her mother’s house.
2. She had got home.
3. I phoned.

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24. had been

had been

是：

be 的 Past Perfect

结构：

had + been

例如：

She’d been at her mother’s house.

她之前在她妈妈家。

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25. just / already / never + Past Perfect

Past Perfect 经常和这些词一起使用：

• already
• just
• never
• before

例如：

He had already left.

他已经走了。

She had just arrived.

她刚刚到。

They had never flown before.

他们以前从没坐过飞机。

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26. 图片中的全部例句

A — Past Perfect

Example	中文
He had gone home.	他已经回家了。
Paul had already gone home.	Paul 已经回家了。
Somebody had broken into the flat.	有人已经闯进了公寓。
She’d already seen the movie.	她之前已经看过电影。
I’d done the right thing.	我以为自己做对了。
I’d made a big mistake.	我已经犯了一个大错误。
They hadn’t flown before.	他们之前没坐过飞机。
They’d never flown before.	他们之前从未坐过飞机。

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B — Present Perfect vs Past Perfect

Present Perfect	Past Perfect
I’ve seen her before.	I’d seen her before.
We’ve just had lunch.	We’d just had lunch.
They haven’t cleaned it for weeks.	They hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.

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C — Past Simple vs Past Perfect

Past Simple	Past Perfect
He left soon afterwards.	He’d already left.
Kate wasn’t at home.	Kate had just got home.
She was at her mother’s house.	She’d been at her mother’s house.

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27. Past Perfect 的真正核心

不要简单记：

Past Perfect = 很久以前发生的事

这是不准确的。

真正核心是：

两个过去事件之间，哪个发生得更早？

更早的那个：

had done

较晚的过去参考点：

Past Simple

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28. 一个简单例子

When I arrived, Tom had left.

时间：

Tom left
   │
   ▼
I arrived
   │
   ▼
  NOW

所以：

had left

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如果说：

When I arrived, Tom left.

时间：

I arrived
   │
   ▼
Tom left
   │
   ▼
  NOW

意思完全不同。

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29. 一句话改变时间顺序

When I arrived, Tom left.

我到以后，Tom 离开了。

顺序：

arrive → leave

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When I arrived, Tom had left.

我到的时候，Tom 已经走了。

顺序：

leave → arrive

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30. Past Perfect = past before past

最实用的理解：

PAST PERFECT = PAST BEFORE PAST

时间轴：

EARLIER PAST          LATER PAST          NOW
     │                    │                │
  HAD DONE              DID               │
     │                    │                │
     └────────────────────┴───────────────▶

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31. Present Perfect vs Past Perfect 的统一理解

Present Perfect

站在现在往回看

PAST ─────────────▶ NOW
    have done

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Past Perfect

站在过去某个点往更早以前看

EARLIER PAST ─────▶ PAST ─────▶ NOW
    had done          ↑
                 reference point

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32. 一个非常重要的“参考点”思维

完成时的关键不是：

动作什么时候发生

而是：

你站在哪里看这个动作？

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现在完成时

站在：

NOW

说：

Before now, it has happened.

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过去完成时

站在：

一个过去时间点

说：

Before that past time, it had happened.

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33. 三种时态对比

假设动作是：

eat lunch

Past Simple

We had lunch at 12.

12 点我们吃了午饭。

只说过去事件。

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Present Perfect

We’ve had lunch.

我们已经吃过午饭了。

重点：

现在已经吃过。

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Past Perfect

We’d had lunch before they arrived.

他们到之前，我们已经吃过午饭了。

重点：

在另一个过去事件之前已经完成。

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34. 常见结构

when + Past Simple, Past Perfect

When I arrived, he had left.

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Past Perfect + before + Past Simple

He had left before I arrived.

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after + Past Perfect

After she had finished work, she went home.

她完成工作之后回家了。

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35. ’d 的判断

在 Past Perfect 里：

’d = had

例如：

I’d seen = I had seen

She’d gone = She had gone

They’d finished = They had finished

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但是：

’d

也可能是：

would

例如：

I’d go.

这里：

I’d = I would

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36. 如何快速判断 ’d = had 还是 would？

看后面的词。

’d + 过去分词

通常：

had

例如：

I’d seen I’d gone I’d finished

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’d + 动词原形

通常：

would

例如：

I’d go I’d call I’d help

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37. 最重要的判断方法

看到两个过去动作：

不要马上两个都用 Past Simple。

先问：

有没有一个动作发生在另一个过去动作之前？

如果需要强调：

有

那么更早的动作：

Past Perfect

例如：

When I got home, somebody had broken into the house.

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38. 但是并非所有过去事件都必须用 Past Perfect

如果事件顺序已经非常清楚：

Past Simple 有时就够了。

例如：

I got up, had breakfast and left the house.

动作按照叙述顺序依次发生：

1. got up
2. had breakfast
3. left

不需要 Past Perfect。

所以：

Past Perfect 主要用来把时间镜头“往前推一层”。

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39. 时间层级

可以把过去故事分两层：

第一层过去

Past Simple

例如：

Sarah arrived.

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第二层：更早的过去

Past Perfect

例如：

Paul had gone home.

图：

NOW
 │
 ▼
PAST 1

Sarah arrived │ ▼ PAST 2 Paul had gone home

实际时间顺序是：

Past 2 → Past 1 → Now

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40. 最终对照表

时态	结构	参考点	核心
Past Simple	did	过去	过去发生
Present Perfect	have/has done	现在	到现在已经发生
Past Perfect	had done	过去	到过去某时已经发生

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41. 最终思维模型

Past Simple

过去发生了一件事

PAST
  ●
 DID

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Present Perfect

站在现在看过去

PAST ─────────▶ NOW
   HAVE DONE

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Past Perfect

站在过去看更早的过去

EARLIER PAST ─────▶ PAST ─────▶ NOW
   HAD DONE          ↑
                reference point

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42. 最典型例句

When Sarah arrived, Paul had already gone home.

拆开：

Sarah arrived

Past Simple

= 故事的过去参考点

Paul had gone

Past Perfect

= 在这个参考点之前已经完成

所以：

Paul went home
      ↓
  10:30
      │
      │
  Sarah arrived
      ↓
   11:00

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一句话记忆

Present Perfect

have done = 到现在已经……

Past Simple

did = 过去发生了……

Past Perfect

had done = 到过去那个时候已经……

最核心：

PAST PERFECT = PAST BEFORE PAST

例如：

When I arrived, he had left.

= 我到的时候，他已经走了。

而：

When I arrived, he left.

= 我到之后，他才走。