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Unit 120 — by and until , by the time ...
A. by ...
by ... = not later than
by 表示:
不迟于…… / 最晚在……之前
也就是说,事情可以在这个时间点之前发生,也可以刚好在这个时间点发生,但不能晚于这个时间点。
例句
I sent the documents today, so they should arrive by Monday. (= on or before Monday, not later than Monday)
我今天把文件寄出去了,所以它们应该最迟星期一到达。
We’d better hurry. We have to be home by 5 o’clock. (= at or before 5 o’clock, not later than 5 o’clock)
我们最好快一点。我们必须最迟 5 点到家。
Where’s Sarah? She should be here by now. (= now or before now – so she should already be here)
Sarah 在哪里?她现在应该已经到了。
图片中的例子
This milk has to be used by 14 August.
这盒牛奶必须在 **8 月 14 日之前(含当天)**使用。
B. until / till
We use until (or till) to say how long a situation continues.
我们使用 until / till 表示:
某种情况一直持续到某个时间点
例句
A: Shall we go now? 我们现在走吗?
B: No, let’s wait until it stops raining. or No, let’s wait till it stops raining.
不,我们等到雨停了再走。
I was very tired this morning.
今天早上我非常累。
- I stayed in bed until half past ten.
- I didn’t get up until half past ten.
我一直躺在床上直到十点半。
我直到十点半才起床。
1. Compare until and by
这是本单元最重要的区别。
until:持续到某个时间
Something continues until a time in the future.
某件事情一直持续到某个时间点。
例如:
Joe will be away until Monday.
Joe 会一直不在,直到星期一。
也就是说:
he’ll be back on Monday
他星期一回来。
I’ll be working until 11.30.
我会一直工作到 11:30。
也就是说:
I’ll stop working at 11.30.
我在 11:30 停止工作。
by:最迟在某个时间完成
Something happens by a time in the future.
某件事情最迟在某个时间点发生 / 完成。
例如:
Joe will be back by Monday.
Joe 最迟星期一回来。
也就是说:
not later than Monday
不会晚于星期一。
I’ll have finished my work by 11.30.
我会在 11:30 之前完成工作。
也就是说:
I’ll finish it not later than 11.30.
我最迟会在 11:30 完成。
2. until 和 by 的核心区别
可以用一条时间线理解。
until
start ───────────────→ until 11:30 一直持续 到这里停止
例如:
I’ll work until 11:30.
我会一直工作到 11:30。
强调:
持续
by
start ──────── ● ────→ by 11:30 任何时间完成 截止点
例如:
I’ll finish the work by 11:30.
我会最迟在 11:30 前完成工作。
可能:
10:00 完成 ✓ 10:30 完成 ✓ 11:00 完成 ✓ 11:30 完成 ✓ 12:00 完成 ✗
所以:
until = 持续到……
by = 最迟在……之前 / 截止到……
3. C. by the time ...
4. by the time something happens
You can say:
by the time + 主语 + 动词
意思是:
等到……的时候 / 到……的时候
它通常强调:
当第二件事情发生时,第一件事情已经发生、完成或形成某种状态。
5. 表达未来
例句 1
It’s too late to go to the bank now. By the time we get there, it will be closed.
现在去银行已经太晚了。等我们到那里的时候,银行已经关门了。
意思是:
it will close between now and the time we get there
银行会在现在到我们到达之间的某个时间关门。
例句 2
You’ll need plenty of time at the airport. By the time you check in and go through security, it will be time for your flight.
你在机场需要预留很多时间。等你办理完登机手续并通过安检时,就差不多到登机时间了。
这里表示:
check-in and security will take a long time
办理登机手续和通过安检会花不少时间。
例句 3
Hurry up! By the time we get to the cinema, the film will already have started.
快一点!等我们到电影院的时候,电影可能已经开始了。
这里使用:
will have started
表示:
到未来某个时间点时,某件事情已经完成/发生。
6. by the time + 现在时,表示未来
注意:
By the time we get there, it will be closed.
虽然说的是未来,但 by the time 后面使用:
一般现在时
不是:
❌ By the time we will get there
正确:
By the time we get there
这和 when / while / until 等时间从句类似。
7. by the time something happened
You can say by the time something happened for the past.
谈论过去时,可以使用:
by the time + 一般过去时
表示:
等到过去某件事情发生的时候……
例句 1
Karen’s car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time she arrived, most of the other guests had left.
Karen 昨晚去参加聚会的路上汽车坏了。等她到达的时候,大部分其他客人已经离开了。
这里:
she arrived 一般过去时
而:
most of the other guests had left 过去完成时
时间关系:
guests left → Karen arrived
客人先离开,然后 Karen 才到。
例句 2
I had a lot of work to do yesterday evening. I was very tired by the time I finished.
昨天晚上我有很多工作要做。等我完成工作的时候,我已经非常累了。
意思是:
it took me a long time to do the work, and I became more and more tired
工作花了很长时间,我也越来越累。
例句 3
We went to the cinema last night. It took us a long time to find somewhere to park the car. By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.
我们昨晚去电影院了。我们花了很长时间才找到停车的地方。等我们到电影院时,电影已经开始了。
时间顺序:
the film started ↓ we got to the cinema
所以:
had already started
表示电影开始发生在:
got to the cinema
之前。
8. by the time + 过去时的常见结构
一个非常常见的结构是:
By the time + 一般过去时,过去完成时
例如:
By the time I arrived, they had left.
等我到的时候,他们已经走了。
By the time we got home, the children had fallen asleep.
等我们到家的时候,孩子们已经睡着了。
By the time I got to the office, the meeting had already started.
等我到办公室的时候,会议已经开始了。
9. by the time + 未来的常见结构
表达未来时,经常是:
By the time + 一般现在时,will ...
例如:
By the time we get there, the shop will be closed.
等我们到那里时,商店会已经关门了。
也经常使用未来完成时:
By the time + 一般现在时,will have + 过去分词
例如:
By the time we get there, the film will have started.
等我们到那里时,电影已经开始了。
10. by then / by that time
You can say:
by then
或者:
by that time
意思是:
到那时 / 到那个时候
例如:
Karen finally got to the party at midnight, but by then most of the other guests had left.
Karen 最终在午夜到达聚会,但到那时,大多数其他客人已经离开了。
也可以说:
Karen finally got to the party at midnight, but by that time, most of the other guests had left.
Karen 最终在午夜到达聚会,但到那个时候,大多数其他客人已经离开了。
11. by / until / by the time 对比
by + 时间点
表示:
最迟在……
例如:
Finish it by Friday.
最迟星期五完成。
重点:
deadline 截止时间
until + 时间点
表示:
一直持续到……
例如:
I’ll work until Friday.
我会一直工作到星期五。
重点:
continuation 持续
by the time + 句子
表示:
等到……的时候
例如:
By the time you arrive, I’ll have finished.
等你到的时候,我已经完成了。
重点:
到某件事情发生的时候
12. by 和 until 的经典对比
by
I have to finish this report by Friday.
我必须最迟星期五完成这份报告。
可能:
Monday ✓ Tuesday ✓ Wednesday ✓ Thursday ✓ Friday ✓
只要:
not later than Friday
就可以。
until
I’ll be working on this report until Friday.
我会一直处理这份报告到星期五。
重点不是截止日期,而是:
工作这个动作持续到星期五。
13. 常见错误
错误 1:把 by 当成“持续到”
❌ I’ll stay here by 5 o’clock.
如果你的意思是:
我会一直待在这里到 5 点。
应该说:
I’ll stay here until 5 o’clock.
错误 2:把 until 当成“最迟”
❌ Please finish the work until Friday.
如果你的意思是:
请最迟星期五完成。
应该说:
Please finish the work by Friday.
错误 3:未来时间从句使用 will
❌ By the time we will arrive, the film will have started.
正确:
By the time we arrive, the film will have started.
14. 最终思维模型
看到 by / until / by the time,可以这样判断:
① 是“截止时间”吗?
最迟什么时候?
使用:
by + 时间点
例如:
by Friday by 5 o’clock by tomorrow by next week by now
② 是“动作持续到什么时候”吗?
使用:
until / till + 时间点 / 句子
例如:
until Friday until 5 o’clock until tomorrow until it stops raining
③ 是“等到某件事情发生的时候”吗?
使用:
by the time + 主语 + 动词
例如:
by the time I arrive
by the time we get there
by the time you finish
15. 最核心公式
by + 时间点 = not later than = 最迟在……
until / till + 时间点 = continue up to that time = 一直持续到……
by the time + S + V = 等到……的时候 / 到……的时候
最简单的一组对比
I’ll finish my work by 5 o’clock. 我最迟 5 点完成工作。
I’ll work until 5 o’clock. 我会一直工作到 5 点。
By the time you arrive, I’ll have finished my work. 等你到的时候,我已经完成工作了。
这三个句子基本就可以概括 Unit 120 的核心区别。