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Unit 51 — Auxiliary verbs

have / do / can etc.

I think so / I hope so etc.


A. Auxiliary verbs

1. Auxiliary verb + main verb

在下面这些句子中,都有:

auxiliary verb(助动词)

和:

main verb(主要动词)

SubjectAuxiliaryMain verbOther
Ihavelostmy keys.
Shecan’tcometo the party.
The hotelwasbuiltten years ago.
Whydo youwantto go home?

在这些例子中:

have / can’t / was / do

都是:

auxiliary (= helping) verbs

也就是:

助动词


2. 用助动词避免重复

当我们不想重复前面已经说过的内容时,可以只使用助动词。

例如:

“Have you locked the door?” “Yes, I have.”

这里:

I have

完整意思是:

I have locked the door.

但因为:

locked the door

前面已经出现过,所以不需要再重复。


3. was 代替 was working

Gary wasn’t working, but Laura was.

Gary 当时没有工作,但 Laura 在工作。

这里:

Laura was

完整意思是:

Laura was working.

所以:

was

代替了:

was working


4. won’t 代替 won’t lend me the money

Jessica could lend me the money, but she won’t.

Jessica 可以把钱借给我,但她不愿意。

这里:

she won’t

完整意思是:

she won’t lend me the money.


5. do / does / did 用于一般现在时和一般过去时

对于:

present simple

和:

past simple

如果不想重复主要动词,我们使用:

do / does / did


Present simple

“Do you like onions?” “Yes, I do.”

完整意思:

Yes, I like onions.

这里:

do = like onions


Present / Past 对比

“Does Simon live in London?” “He did, but he doesn’t any more.”

意思:

He did live in London, but he doesn’t live there any more.

也就是:

Simon 以前住在伦敦,但现在不住了。


6. 用助动词否定别人说的话

我们也可以使用助动词:

to deny what somebody says

也就是:

否认别人说的话。


Example 1

“You’re sitting in my place.” “No, I’m not.”

“你坐在我的位置上。”

“不,我没有。”

完整意思:

I’m not sitting in your place.


Example 2

“You didn’t lock the door before you left.” “Yes, I did.”

“你离开之前没有锁门。”

“不,我锁了。”

这里:

Yes, I did.

意思是:

I locked the door.


7. A 部分核心规律

如果主要内容已经说过,可以只保留:

助动词

例如:

完整表达简短表达
I have locked the door.I have.
Laura was working.Laura was.
She won’t lend me the money.She won’t.
I like onions.I do.
I locked the door.I did.

核心:

auxiliary verb 可以代替前面已经出现过的 verb phrase。


B. have you? / isn’t she? / are they? etc.

8. 用短问句表示兴趣或惊讶

我们经常使用:

have you?

isn’t she?

did it?

are they?

这类简短问句来表示:

  • 对别人说的话感兴趣
  • 惊讶
  • 想继续听更多信息

9. have you?

“I’ve just seen Steven.” “Oh, have you? How is he?”

“我刚刚见到 Steven 了。”

“哦,是吗?他怎么样?”

这里:

have you?

并不是在重新完整提问。

它的作用更像:

“是吗?”


10. isn’t she?

“Lisa isn’t very well today.” “Isn’t she? What’s wrong with her?”

“Lisa 今天身体不太舒服。”

“是吗?她怎么了?”


11. Did it?

“It rained every day during our holiday.” “Did it? What a shame!”

“我们度假的时候每天都下雨。”

“是吗?真可惜!”

这里:

did

对应前面的:

rained


12. Are they?

“James and Tanya are getting married.” “Are they? Really?”

“James 和 Tanya 要结婚了。”

“真的吗?”


13. 如何选择这种短问句中的助动词

要根据前一句使用的:

时态 / 助动词

来选择。

例如:

I have finished.

回应:

Have you?


She is working.

回应:

Is she?


They are leaving.

回应:

Are they?


He went home.

Past Simple 没有显式助动词,所以使用:

Did he?


C. so and neither

14. 用 so 表示“我也是”

如果对方说的是:

肯定句

而你想表达:

“我也是”

可以使用:

So + auxiliary verb + subject


15. So am I

“I’m tired.” “So am I.

“我累了。”

“我也是。”

完整意思:

I’m tired too.

结构:

So + am + I

注意:

助动词放在主语前面。


16. neither 表示“我也不”

如果对方说的是:

否定句

而你也有相同情况,可以使用:

Neither + auxiliary verb + subject

例如:

“I never read newspapers.” “Neither do I.

“我从来不看报纸。”

“我也不看。”

完整意思:

I never read newspapers either.


17. neither can Mark

Sarah can’t drive and neither can Mark.

Sarah 不会开车,Mark 也不会。

结构:

neither + auxiliary + subject

这里:

Sarah can’t drive.

所以使用:

neither can Mark.


18. so / neither 的语序

非常重要:

soneither 后面,助动词放在主语前面。

结构:

so + auxiliary + subject

neither + auxiliary + subject

例如:

I passed the exam and so did Paul.

我通过了考试,Paul 也通过了。

不是:

❌ so Paul did


19. so 的常见结构

原句“我也是”
I’m tired.So am I.
I can swim.So can I.
I have finished.So have I.
I like coffee.So do I.
I went there.So did I.

20. neither 的常见结构

原句“我也不”
I’m not tired.Neither am I.
I can’t swim.Neither can I.
I haven’t finished.Neither have I.
I don’t like coffee.Neither do I.
I didn’t go.Neither did I.

21. nor 也可以代替 neither

除了:

neither

也可以使用:

nor

例如:

“I don’t know.” “Neither do I.

或者:

Nor do I.

意思都是:

我也不知道。


22. not ... either

还可以不用 neither / nor,而使用:

not ... either

例如:

“I don’t know.”

回答:

I don’t either.

意思:

我也不知道。

所以:

表达意思
Neither do I.我也不
Nor do I.我也不
I don’t either.我也不

D. I think so / I suppose so etc.

23. so 可以代替整个句子

当我们不想重复前面已经出现过的内容时,可以使用:

I think so

I suppose so

I hope so

等。

这里的:

so

代替:

前面整个意思。


24. I think so

“Are those people Korean?” “I think so.

“那些人是韩国人吗?”

“我想是的。”

这里:

I think so.

完整意思:

I think they are Korean.


25. I suppose so

“Is Kate working tomorrow?” “I suppose so.

“Kate 明天上班吗?”

“我想应该是。”

完整意思:

I suppose she is working tomorrow.


26. I expect so

“Will you be at home this evening?” “I expect so.

“你今晚会在家吗?”

“我想应该会。”

完整意思:

I expect I’ll be at home.


27. 其他常见表达

同样可以说:

I hope so.

我希望如此。

I guess so.

我想是吧。

I’m afraid so.

恐怕是这样。


28. 常见的 so 表达

表达大致意思
I think so.我想是的
I suppose so.我想应该是
I expect so.我预计是这样
I hope so.我希望如此
I guess so.我想是吧
I’m afraid so.恐怕是这样

29. 否定形式

这些表达的否定形式并不完全一样。


I think so → I don’t think so

肯定:

I think so.

否定:

I don’t think so.

不是通常说:

❌ I think not.


I expect so → I don’t expect so

肯定:

I expect so.

否定:

I don’t expect so.


I hope so → I hope not

肯定:

I hope so.

否定:

I hope not.

注意不是:

❌ I don’t hope so.


I’m afraid so → I’m afraid not

肯定:

I’m afraid so.

否定:

I’m afraid not.


I guess so → I guess not

肯定:

I guess so.

否定:

I guess not.


I suppose so → I suppose not

肯定:

I suppose so.

否定:

I suppose not.


30. 肯定和否定形式对照

肯定否定
I think so.I don’t think so.
I expect so.I don’t expect so.
I hope so.I hope not.
I’m afraid so.I’m afraid not.
I guess so.I guess not.
I suppose so.I suppose not.

31. Example — Is that woman American?

“Is that woman American?”

可以回答:

I think so.

我想是的。

或者:

I don’t think so.

我想不是。


32. Example — Do you think it will rain?

“Do you think it will rain?”

可以回答:

I hope so.

我希望会下雨。

或者:

I hope not.

我希望不会。

注意:

I hope not

不是:

❌ I don’t hope so.


33. Auxiliary verb 的核心作用

助动词除了帮助构成:

  • 时态
  • 疑问句
  • 否定句
  • 被动语态

之外,

还可以用来:

避免重复前面已经出现的信息。

例如:

“Have you finished?” “Yes, I have.”

这里:

have = have finished


34. do / does / did 作为替代动词

当原句是:

Present Simple / Past Simple

没有其他助动词时,

使用:

do / does / did

代替前面的主要动词。

例如:

“Do you like coffee?” “Yes, I do.”

这里:

do = like coffee


“Did Tom call?” “Yes, he did.”

这里:

did = called


35. 选择哪个 auxiliary verb?

原则:

前面用什么助动词,后面通常继续使用什么助动词。

例如:

She can swim.

So can I.


He has finished.

So have I.


They are working.

So are we.


如果原句没有助动词:

一般现在时使用 do / does

一般过去时使用 did


36. 简短回应

Present Simple

“I like this song.”

回应:

“So do I.”


Past Simple

“I enjoyed the film.”

回应:

“So did I.”


be

“I’m hungry.”

回应:

“So am I.”


can

“I can speak English.”

回应:

“So can I.”


have

“I’ve finished.”

回应:

“So have I.”


37. so 和 too

下面两句话意思相同:

I’m tired too.

So am I.

区别主要在结构。


too

结构:

subject + verb + too

例如:

I’m tired too.


so

结构:

so + auxiliary + subject

例如:

So am I.


38. neither 和 either

下面两句话意思相同:

I don’t like it either.

Neither do I.

区别:

either

通常放在否定句末尾:

I don’t like it either.

neither

放在句首:

Neither do I.


39. have you? / did she? 这种结构

这种结构并不是完整的:

question tag

而是:

短回应式问句

例如:

“I saw Tom yesterday.”

Did you?

意思:

“是吗?”


再例如:

“She has bought a new car.”

Has she?

意思:

“真的吗?”


40. 短回应问句的构成

根据原句选择对应的助动词:

StatementResponse
I’m tired.Are you?
She is ill.Is she?
They are leaving.Are they?
I’ve finished.Have you?
He can swim.Can he?
It rained.Did it?

41. so / neither 的核心语序

一定记住:

verb before subject

也就是:

助动词在主语前。

例如:

So am I.

不是:

❌ So I am.


Neither do I.

不是:

❌ Neither I do.


So did Paul.

不是:

❌ So Paul did.


42. I think so 中的 so 是什么?

这里的:

so

不是“所以”的意思。

它代替的是:

前面完整的句子内容。

例如:

“Are they Korean?”

“I think so.”

其中:

so = they are Korean


同样:

“Will it rain?”

“I hope so.”

这里:

so = it will rain


43. I hope not 中的 not

“Will it rain?”

如果你不希望下雨:

I hope not.

这里:

not

代替:

it will not rain

所以:

I hope not.

I hope it will not rain.


44. 四个部分的关系

Unit 51 实际上讲了四种:

避免重复的方法。


A. 只保留助动词

Have you finished?

Yes, I have.


B. 用助动词做短回应

I’ve seen Steven.

Have you?


C. so / neither + 助动词

I’m tired.

So am I.

I don’t like coffee.

Neither do I.


D. so / not 代替整个句子

Is she coming?

I think so.

Will it rain?

I hope not.


45. Unit 51 结构总表

功能结构Example
避免重复auxiliary onlyYes, I have.
表示兴趣/惊讶auxiliary + subject?Have you?
我也是so + auxiliary + subjectSo am I.
我也不neither + auxiliary + subjectNeither do I.
我想是的think + soI think so.
我希望是hope + soI hope so.
我希望不是hope + notI hope not.

46. 最终思维模型

Auxiliary 替代重复内容

Have you locked the door?

          ↓

Yes, I have.
       ↓
have = have locked the door

表示兴趣 / 惊讶

I’ve just seen Steven.

          ↓

      Have you?

意思:

“是吗?”


表示“我也是”

I’m tired.
    ↓
So am I.

结构:

so + auxiliary + subject


表示“我也不”

I never read newspapers.
          ↓
    Neither do I.

结构:

neither + auxiliary + subject


so 替代整个句子

Are those people Korean?
          ↓
      I think so.

其中:

so = they are Korean


47. Unit 51 最核心总结

Auxiliary verbs

常见:

be / have / do / can / will etc.

可以用来避免重复。

例如:

“Have you finished?” “Yes, I have.”


短回应

“I’ve seen Steven.” “Have you?

“It rained every day.” “Did it?


so

肯定“我也是”:

So + auxiliary + subject

例如:

So am I.

So do I.

So can I.


neither

否定“我也不”:

Neither + auxiliary + subject

例如:

Neither do I.

Neither can I.


I think so

使用:

so

代替前面的整个句子:

I think so.

I suppose so.

I hope so.

I guess so.

I’m afraid so.


常见否定形式

I don’t think so.

I don’t expect so.

I hope not.

I’m afraid not.

I guess not.

I suppose not.


一句话记忆 Unit 51

前面说过的内容不想重复,可以只留下助动词。

“我也是” → So + 助动词 + 主语

“我也不” → Neither + 助动词 + 主语

“我想是的” → I think so

“我希望不是” → I hope not