Appearance
Unit 94 — Relative clauses 3: whose / whom / where
A. whose
1. Study this example situation
When we were driving home, we saw some people standing by the road. Their car had broken down, so we stopped to help them.
We helped some people whose car had broken down. (= their car had broken down)
这里使用 whose 表示所属关系。
whose + 名词 ≈ his / her / their + 名词
例如：
- whose car = his/her/their car
- whose husband = her husband
- whose brother = his/her brother
2. We use whose mostly for people
我们主要使用 whose 来表示人的所属关系：
A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her husband is dead)
I met someone whose brother I went to school with. (I went to school with his/her brother)
结构：
person + whose + noun + ...
例如：
a woman whose husband is dead
someone whose brother I went to school with
3. Compare who and whose
比较 who 和 whose：
I met a man who knows you. (he knows you)
I met a man whose sister knows you. (his sister knows you)
区别：
| 关系词 | 含义 | 对应关系 |
|---|---|---|
| who | 谁 / ……的人 | he / she / they |
| whose | 谁的 / ……的 | his / her / their |
例如：
the man who knows you 认识你的那个男人
这里是：
he knows you
而：
the man whose sister knows you 姐姐/妹妹认识你的那个男人
这里是：
his sister knows you
4. Do not confuse whose and who's
不要混淆：
whose
和：
who's
它们的发音相同，但是意思不同。
who's 可以是：
who is
或者：
who has
例如：
I have a friend who's learning Arabic. (who's = who is)
I have a friend who's just started learning Arabic. (who's = who has)
但是：
- I have a friend whose sister is learning Arabic.
这里的：
whose sister
表示：
his/her sister
5. whose 的核心结构
whose + 名词
例如：
- whose car
- whose husband
- whose sister
- whose brother
- whose house
- whose parents
所以可以快速记忆：
who = 谁
whose = 谁的
B. whom
6. whom 作宾语
Whom 可以代替 who，当关系词在关系从句中作动词的 object（宾语） 时使用。
例如：
George is a person whom I admire very much. (I admire him.)
分析：
I = subject admire = verb whom = object
也就是说：
whom ≈ him / her / them
而：
who ≈ he / she / they
7. preposition + whom
我们也可以使用：
preposition + whom
例如：
- to whom
- from whom
- with whom
- for whom
例句：
It's important to have friends with whom you can relax. (you can relax with them)
这里：
with whom = with them
8. whom 比较正式
Whom 是一个比较正式的词，在口语英语中并不经常使用。
因此我们通常更喜欢：
a person I admire a lot
或者：
a person who/that I admire a lot
而不是：
a person whom I admire a lot
同样：
正式：
friends with whom you can relax
日常口语更常见：
friends you can relax with
或者：
friends who/that you can relax with
9. 日常口语中的选择
正式：
The person to whom I spoke was very helpful.
日常：
The person I spoke to was very helpful.
或者：
The person who I spoke to was very helpful.
因此对于日常口语：
介词通常放在关系从句最后更加自然。
例如：
- the person I talked to
- the friend I went with
- the company I work for
- the person I got this from
C. where
10. where 用于地点
我们在关系从句中使用 where 来描述一个 place（地点）。
例如：
I recently went back to the town where I grew up. (I grew up there.)
这里：
where ≈ there
所以：
the town where I grew up
就是：
the town + I grew up there
11. 更多例子
The restaurant where we had lunch was near the airport.
我们吃午饭的那家餐厅在机场附近。
I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.
我想住在一个阳光充足的地方。
12. where 的基本结构
place + where + clause
例如：
the town where I grew up
the restaurant where we had lunch
the place where there is plenty of sunshine
日常中还可以说：
the office where I work
the park where my son plays
the city where I live
the school where my son studies
13. where 和 there
例如两个句子：
This is the town.
I grew up there.
合并：
This is the town where I grew up.
不能重复使用 there：
❌ This is the town where I grew up there.
因为：
where
本身已经包含：
in/at that place
的含义。
D. the day, the time, the reason
14. the day
我们可以说：
the day we got married
我们结婚的那一天
例如：
I can't meet you on Friday. That's the day I'm going away.
星期五我不能和你见面。那天我要离开。
结构：
the day + subject + verb
15. the time
我们也可以说：
the last time they met
他们上一次见面的时候
例如：
The last time I saw her, she looked great.
我上次见到她的时候，她看起来状态很好。
也可以使用 that：
The last time that I saw her, she looked great.
所以：
the last time I saw her
和：
the last time that I saw her
都可以。
16. the reason
我们可以说：
the reason I'm calling you
我给你打电话的原因
例如：
The reason I'm calling you is to ask your advice.
我给你打电话是为了征求你的意见。
也可以使用 that：
The reason that I'm calling you ...
还可以使用 why：
The reason why I'm calling you ...
所以三种结构都可以：
the reason I'm calling you
the reason that I'm calling you
the reason why I'm calling you
17. whose / who 核心对比
who
表示：
某个人本身
例如：
I met a man who knows you.
拆开：
I met a man. He knows you.
所以：
who = he
whose
表示：
某个人的某样东西 / 某个人的某个亲属
例如：
I met a man whose sister knows you.
拆开：
I met a man. His sister knows you.
所以：
whose = his
对比
the man who works here
在这里工作的男人
the man whose wife works here
妻子在这里工作的男人
18. who / whom 核心对比
who 作主语
The man who called me is Tom.
拆开：
He called me.
所以：
who = he
whom 作宾语
The man whom I called is Tom.
拆开：
I called him.
所以：
whom = him
对应关系：
| 主格 | 宾格 | 所有格 |
|---|---|---|
| he | him | his |
| she | her | her |
| they | them | their |
| who | whom | whose |
因此可以这样理解：
who → he/she/they
whom → him/her/them
whose → his/her/their
19. whom 在日常口语中的实际使用
虽然语法上可以说：
The man whom I met yesterday ...
但是日常口语通常说：
The man who I met yesterday ...
或者更自然：
The man I met yesterday ...
因为这里关系词是宾语，可以直接省略。
因此日常口语学习中：
认识 whom 即可，不需要刻意大量使用。
但是：
preposition + whom
在正式书面英语中仍然很常见。
例如：
the person to whom I spoke
日常口语：
the person I spoke to
20. where 的思维模型
看到：
地点 + 在那里发生某件事
可以考虑：
where
例如：
This is the office.
I work there.
合并：
This is the office where I work.
再例如：
That's the restaurant.
We had dinner there.
↓
That's the restaurant where we had dinner.
再例如：
Shanghai is the city.
I live there.
↓
Shanghai is the city where I live.
21. the day / the time 的思维模型
描述时间时，经常可以直接：
时间名词 + 主语 + 动词
例如：
the day we met
我们见面的那一天
the year I was born
我出生的那一年
the last time I saw her
我上次见到她的时候
也可以加入：
that
例如：
the day that we met
the last time that I saw her
但在日常表达中，省略 that 很常见。
22. the reason 的思维模型
三个常见表达：
the reason I'm calling you
the reason that I'm calling you
the reason why I'm calling you
意思基本相同：
我给你打电话的原因
例如：
The reason I'm calling you is to ask your advice.
The reason that I'm calling you is to ask your advice.
The reason why I'm calling you is to ask your advice.
23. Unit 92–94 关系词对比
| 关系词 | 用于 | 在从句中的作用 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主语/宾语 | the man who works here |
| that | 人/物 | 主语/宾语 | the car that I bought |
| which | 物 | 主语/宾语 | the book which I read |
| whose | 人的所属关系 | 所有格 | the man whose car broke down |
| whom | 人 | 宾语，正式 | the man whom I met |
| where | 地点 | 在那里 | the office where I work |
24. 最重要的实际例句
who
I have a colleague who works with me.
我有一个和我一起工作的同事。
whose
I have a colleague whose car is a Tesla.
我有一个开特斯拉的同事。
whom
正式：
The person whom I talked to was very helpful.
日常更自然：
The person I talked to was very helpful.
where
This is the office where I work.
这是我工作的办公室。
the day
I remember the day we first met.
我记得我们第一次见面的那一天。
the reason
That's the reason I'm learning English.
这就是我学习英语的原因。
25. 最终思维模型
关系从句首先判断你想表达什么：
描述“人本身”
→ who
the man who works here
描述“某人的……”
→ whose
the man whose car broke down
描述“人作为宾语”
→ whom（正式）
the man whom I met
日常更常用：
the man I met
描述“地点 / 在那里”
→ where
the office where I work
描述“某一天 / 某个时间”
→ the day/time + (that) + 从句
the day we met
the last time I saw her
描述“原因”
→ the reason + (that/why) + 从句
the reason I'm calling you
the reason that I'm calling you
the reason why I'm calling you
26. 一句话记忆
who = 谁 / ……的人
whose = 谁的 / ……的
whom = 谁（宾语，偏正式）
where = 在哪里 / ……的地方
尤其要记住这一组对应关系：
| 英文关系词 | 可以理解成 |
|---|---|
| who | he / she / they |
| whom | him / her / them |
| whose | his / her / their |
| where | there |
例如：
He knows me. → the man who knows me
I know him. → the man whom I know → 更自然：the man I know
His car broke down. → the man whose car broke down
I work there. → the office where I work