Appearance
Unit 97 — -ing and -ed clauses
(the woman talking to Tom, the boy injured in the accident)
A. -ing clauses
A clause is a part of a sentence. Some clauses begin with -ing.
For example:
Who is the woman talking to Tom?
Here:
talking to Tom = -ing clause
the woman talking to Tom
We use -ing clauses to say what somebody (or something) is (or was) doing at a particular time:
Who is the woman talking to Tom? (= the woman is talking to Tom)
Police investigating the crime are looking for three men. (= police are investigating the crime)
Who were those people waiting outside? (= they were waiting)
I was woken up by a bell ringing. (= a bell was ringing)
You can also use an -ing clause to say what happens all the time, not just at a particular time:
The road connecting the two villages is very narrow. (= the road connects the two villages)
I have a large room overlooking the garden. (= the room overlooks the garden)
Can you think of the name of a flower beginning with T? (= the name begins with T)
1. 什么是 -ing clause？
这一部分的核心结构是：
noun + doing ...
例如：
the woman talking to Tom
意思是：
正在和 Tom 说话的那个女人
它实际上可以看成一个完整关系从句的简化：
the woman who is talking to Tom
↓
the woman talking to Tom
所以：
who/that + be + doing
在合适的情况下可以简化成：
doing
2. -ing clause 通常表示主动关系
例如：
Who is the woman talking to Tom?
完整形式：
Who is the woman who is talking to Tom?
这里：
the woman → 主动执行 talk
所以使用：
talking
再例如：
Police investigating the crime are looking for three men.
完整：
Police who are investigating the crime are looking for three men.
这里：
police → 主动调查 crime
所以：
investigating the crime
因此可以建立一个非常重要的思维模型：
名词主动做某事 → -ing
例如：
the man driving the car
= the man who is driving the car
the children playing in the park
= the children who are playing in the park
the people waiting outside
= the people who are waiting outside
3. -ing 不一定表示“现在正在”
这是非常重要的一点。
看到：
-ing clause
不要简单理解成：
“现在进行时”
它也可以描述：
某个时间正在发生的动作
例如：
Who were those people waiting outside?
这里是过去：
they were waiting
所以：
waiting
本身没有告诉我们是现在还是过去。
时间由：
主句 / 上下文
决定。
4. -ing clause 也可以表示长期状态或一般事实
例如：
The road connecting the two villages is very narrow.
这里不是说：
这条路“现在正在连接”两个村庄。
而是：
这条路连接两个村庄。
完整形式：
The road that connects the two villages is very narrow.
简化：
The road connecting the two villages is very narrow.
再例如：
I have a large room overlooking the garden.
完整：
I have a large room that overlooks the garden.
意思：
我有一个可以俯瞰花园的大房间。
所以：
-ing clause = 主动
不一定等于：
正在
它还可以表示：
一般事实 / 长期特征
B. -ed clauses
Some clauses begin with -ed (injured, painted etc.).
For example:
The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital.
Here:
injured in the accident = -ed clause
the boy injured in the accident
-ed clauses have a passive meaning:
The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital. (= he was injured in the accident)
George showed me some pictures painted by his father. (= they were painted by his father)
The gun used in the robbery has been found. (= the gun was used in the robbery)
Injured / painted / used are past participles.
Most past participles end in -ed, but many are irregular:
stolen / made / built etc.
Examples:
The police never found the money stolen in the robbery.
Most of the goods made in this factory are exported.
5. 什么是 -ed clause？
核心结构：
noun + past participle ...
例如：
the boy injured in the accident
意思：
在事故中受伤的那个男孩
完整关系从句：
the boy who was injured in the accident
简化：
the boy injured in the accident
所以：
who/that + be + past participle
可以简化成：
past participle
6. -ed clause 通常表示被动关系
这是 Unit 97 最核心的区别。
例如：
The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital.
男孩不是：
主动去“injure”别人
而是：
he was injured
所以使用：
injured
再例如：
the pictures painted by his father
完整：
the pictures which were painted by his father
这里：
pictures → 被画
所以：
painted
再例如：
the gun used in the robbery
完整：
the gun which was used in the robbery
这里：
gun → 被使用
所以：
used
因此：
名词主动做某事 → -ing
名词被做某事 → -ed / past participle
7. -ed 不一定真的以 -ed 结尾
这里的：
-ed clause
实际上更准确地说是：
past participle clause
也就是：
过去分词从句
规则动词通常：
use → used
paint → painted
injure → injured
但是不规则动词可能完全没有 -ed：
steal → stolen
make → made
build → built
write → written
break → broken
例如：
the money stolen in the robbery
完整：
the money that was stolen in the robbery
the goods made in this factory
完整：
the goods that are made in this factory
a house built in 1990
完整：
a house that was built in 1990
所以不要机械理解成：
-ed= 单词必须以 ed 结尾
真正的规则是：
过去分词 + 被动含义
8. -ing 和 -ed 的核心对比
| 结构 | 含义 | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| noun + -ing | 名词主动做某事 | 主动 |
| noun + past participle | 名词被做某事 | 被动 |
例如：
主动
the man driving the car
=
the man who is driving the car
这个男人：
主动开车
所以：
driving
被动
the car driven by Tom
=
the car which is driven by Tom
这辆车：
被 Tom 驾驶
所以：
driven
9. 用“谁做动作”快速判断 -ing / -ed
看到一个名词时，问：
这个名词是动作的执行者，还是动作的承受者？
如果是：
执行者
使用：
-ing
例如：
the programmer writing the code
程序员：
主动写代码
所以：
writing
如果是：
承受者
使用：
past participle
例如：
the code written by the programmer
代码：
被程序员写
所以：
written
这组对比非常适合帮助理解：
the developer writing the software
开发软件的开发者
vs.
the software written by the developer
由开发者编写的软件
10. 关系从句的简化
Unit 92–97 的内容可以连接起来理解。
主动
完整关系从句：
The woman who is talking to Tom is my teacher.
简化：
The woman talking to Tom is my teacher.
公式：
who/that + be + doing
↓
doing
被动
完整关系从句：
The boy who was injured in the accident was taken to hospital.
简化：
The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital.
公式：
who/that/which + be + past participle
↓
past participle
11. 主动和被动放在一起比较
People waiting outside
Who were those people waiting outside?
=
Who were those people who were waiting outside?
people：
主动 wait
→ waiting
Car parked outside
There was a car parked outside.
=
There was a car which was parked outside.
car：
被停在外面
→ parked
再比较：
the man repairing the car
男人：
主动修车
→ repairing
the car being repaired
汽车：
被修理
→ being repaired
C. there is / there was + -ing and -ed clauses
You can use there is / there was (etc.) + -ing and -ed clauses:
There were some children swimming in the river.
Is there anybody waiting?
There was a big red car parked outside the house.
We use left in this way, with the meaning ‘not used, still there’:
- We’ve eaten nearly all the chocolates. There are only a few left.
12. there be + -ing
结构：
there be + noun + -ing
表示：
有某人 / 某物正在做某事
例如：
There were some children swimming in the river.
可以理解为：
Some children were swimming in the river.
意思：
有一些孩子正在河里游泳。
再例如：
Is there anybody waiting?
意思：
有人在等吗？
这里：
anybody → 主动 wait
所以：
waiting
日常中非常常见：
There’s someone waiting for you.
有人在等你。
There are some people talking outside.
外面有人在说话。
13. there be + -ed
结构：
there be + noun + past participle
例如：
There was a big red car parked outside the house.
这里：
car → 被停在房子外面
所以：
parked
意思：
房子外面停着一辆红色的大汽车。
类似：
There are several cars parked outside the office.
办公室外面停着几辆车。
There is a computer connected to the monitor.
有一台电脑连接着显示器。
14. left 的特殊用法
例如：
We’ve eaten nearly all the chocolates. There are only a few left.
这里：
left
不是简单理解成：
“离开”
而是：
remaining
也就是：
剩下的
所以：
There are only a few left.
=
Only a few remain.
意思：
只剩几个了。
非常常见：
There’s no food left.
没有食物了。
I have only ten minutes left.
我只剩十分钟了。
There are only two tickets left.
只剩两张票了。
15. Unit 97 核心规则
-ing clause
核心：
主动
公式：
noun + -ing
≈
noun + who/that/which + active verb
例如：
the woman talking to Tom
=
the woman who is talking to Tom
-ed clause
核心：
被动
公式：
noun + past participle
≈
noun + who/that/which + be + past participle
例如：
the boy injured in the accident
=
the boy who was injured in the accident
16. 最终思维模型
看到：
noun + verb-ing / past participle
第一步不要先想时态。
先问：
前面的 noun 和后面的动作是什么关系？
noun 主动执行动作
使用：
-ing
例如：
the woman talking
woman → talk
the children playing
children → play
the programmer writing code
programmer → write
noun 承受动作
使用：
past participle
例如：
the boy injured
boy ← injure
the pictures painted
pictures ← paint
the money stolen
money ← steal
the software developed by our team
software ← develop
17. 一句话记忆
主动 → -ing
被动 → past participle (-ed / 第三形式)
例如：
the engineer developing the software 正在开发软件的工程师
vs.
the software developed by the engineer 由工程师开发的软件
看到这种结构时，先判断：
谁在做动作？
如果前面的名词：
做动作 → -ing
如果前面的名词：
被做 → -ed / 过去分词