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Unit 48 — Reported speech 2
A. Reported speech 中不一定总要“时态后移”
1. 如果情况现在仍然一样，可以不改变时态
We do not always change the verb in reported speech.
如果事情现在：
is still the same
那么就没有必要一定把动词改成过去时。
2. Example — Paul’s job is still boring
Direct speech
Paul said, “My new job is boring.”
Reported speech
Paul said that his new job is boring.
这里可以继续使用：
is
因为：
The situation is still the same. His job is still boring now.
也就是说：
Paul 的工作现在仍然很无聊。
3. Example — Helen still wants to go to Canada
Direct speech
Helen said, “I want to go to Canada next year.”
Reported speech
Helen told me that she wants to go to Canada next year.
这里：
want → wants
没有变成过去时，因为：
Helen still wants to go to Canada next year.
Helen 现在仍然想明年去加拿大。
4. 也可以把动词改成过去时
即使情况现在仍然是真的，也可以使用正常的时态后移。
例如：
Paul said that his new job was boring.
Helen told me that she wanted to go to Canada next year.
所以：
| Situation still true | 两种形式都可能 |
|---|---|
| His job is still boring. | Paul said his job is boring. |
| Paul said his job was boring. | |
| Helen still wants to go. | Helen told me she wants to go. |
| Helen told me she wanted to go. |
5. 如果情况已经改变或结束，必须使用过去时
But if the situation has changed or finished, you need to use a past verb.
例如：
Paul 突然离开房间。
Direct speech
Paul left the room suddenly. He said, “I have to go.”
Reported speech
Paul left the room suddenly. He said (that) he had to go.
不是：
❌ he has to go
因为：
当时“必须离开”的情况已经结束了。
6. A 部分核心区别
情况现在仍然成立
可以保留现在时：
He said his job is boring.
也可以后移：
He said his job was boring.
情况已经改变或结束
使用过去时：
He said he had to go.
B. 当转述内容与现在事实不同时，要使用过去时
7. 什么时候必须使用过去时？
You need to use the past in reported speech when what was said is different from what is really true.
也就是说：
如果原来说的话和现在真实情况已经不同，转述时需要使用过去时。
8. Rachel 和 Joe 的例子
几天前你见到了 Rachel。
她说：
Have you heard? Joe is in hospital.
你听说了吗？
Joe 住院了。
后来同一天，你在街上遇到了 Joe。
这说明：
Joe 现在显然不在医院。
这时你对 Joe 说：
Joe, this is a surprise. Rachel said you were in hospital.
Joe，真让人意外。
Rachel 说你当时住院了。
不是：
❌ Rachel said you are in hospital.
因为：
it’s clear that he isn’t.
现在 Joe 明显已经不在医院。
9. is → were
Rachel 原话：
Joe is in hospital.
后来转述：
Rachel said you were in hospital.
时间关系：
当时是真的 ↓ 现在已经不是这样
所以需要：
present → past
C. say and tell
10. say 和 tell 的核心区别
如果你要说明：
某人是在对谁说话
通常使用：
tell
11. tell somebody
正确：
Rachel told me that you were in hospital.
Rachel 告诉我你住院了。
不是：
❌ Rachel said me that you were in hospital.
因为：
tell + somebody
12. tell the police
What did you tell the police?
你跟警察说了什么？
不是：
❌ What did you say the police?
13. 如果不说明听话的人，使用 say
例如：
Rachel said that you were in hospital.
Rachel 说你住院了。
不是：
❌ Rachel told that you were in hospital.
因为 tell 通常需要：
tell somebody
14. What did you say?
What did you say?
你说了什么？
这里没有：
对谁说
所以使用：
say
15. say 和 tell 基本结构
| say | tell |
|---|---|
| say something | tell somebody something |
| say that ... | tell somebody that ... |
| What did you say? | What did you tell him? |
| Rachel said that ... | Rachel told me that ... |
16. say something to somebody
pay attention：虽然通常不能说：
❌ say somebody
但是可以说：
say something to somebody
例如：
Anna said goodbye to me and left.
Anna 跟我道别后离开了。
不是：
❌ Anna said me goodbye.
17. What did you say to the police?
What did you say to the police?
你跟警察说了什么？
这里结构是：
say + something + to somebody
18. tell somebody vs say to somebody
| tell | say |
|---|---|
| tell somebody something | say something to somebody |
| tell me | say something to me |
| tell the police | say something to the police |
例如：
She told me the truth.
She said something to me.
D. tell somebody to ... / ask somebody to ...
19. 命令、建议、请求的间接引语
我们说：
tell somebody to ...
以及：
ask somebody to ...
结构：
tell / ask + somebody + to + verb
20. Drink plenty of water
医生对我说：
Direct speech
“Drink plenty of water,” the doctor said to me.
“多喝水。”
转成 Reported speech：
The doctor told me to drink plenty of water.
医生告诉我要多喝水。
结构：
told + me + to drink
21. Don’t work too hard
Direct speech
“Don’t work too hard,” I said to Joe.
我对 Joe 说：
“别工作得太辛苦。”
Reported speech
I told Joe not to work too hard.
我告诉 Joe 不要工作得太累。
结构：
tell somebody not to + verb
22. Can you help me, please?
Direct speech
“Can you help me, please?” Jackie said to me.
Jackie 对我说：
“你能帮我吗？”
Reported speech
Jackie asked me to help her.
Jackie 请我帮助她。
结构：
ask somebody to + verb
23. tell somebody to do
| Direct speech | Reported speech |
|---|---|
| “Drink plenty of water.” | The doctor told me to drink plenty of water. |
| “Come here.” | She told me to come here. |
| “Wait.” | He told us to wait. |
24. tell somebody not to do
否定结构：
tell + somebody + not to + verb
例如：
“Don’t work too hard.”
变成：
I told Joe not to work too hard.
25. ask somebody to do
请求别人做某事：
ask + somebody + to + verb
例如：
“Can you help me?”
变成：
She asked me to help her.
26. said (not) to do
还可以说：
somebody said (not) to do something
例如：
Paul said not to worry about him.
Paul 说不用担心他。
但不能说：
❌ Paul said me not to worry.
如果有具体对象：
Paul told me not to worry.
27. tell / ask / say 的结构对比
| 结构 | Example |
|---|---|
| tell somebody that ... | She told me that she was tired. |
| tell somebody to do | She told me to wait. |
| tell somebody not to do | She told me not to wait. |
| ask somebody to do | She asked me to help. |
| say that ... | She said that she was tired. |
| say something to somebody | She said goodbye to me. |
| say to do / not to do | Paul said not to worry. |
28. Unit 47 和 Unit 48 的关系
Unit 47
基本规则：
如果 reporting verb 是过去时，reported speech 中的时态通常往过去移动。
例如：
“I am tired.” ↓ He said that he was tired.
Unit 48
进一步说明：
这种时态后移并不是永远必须。
如果事情现在仍然是真的：
可以保留现在时。
例如：
“My job is boring.”
如果现在依然无聊：
He said his job is boring.
也可以：
He said his job was boring.
29. 时态是否后移的判断方法
先问：
这件事情现在还是真的吗？
现在仍然是真的
可以保持原时态：
She said she wants to go to Canada.
也可以时态后移：
She said she wanted to go to Canada.
已经改变或结束
使用过去时：
He said he had to go.
已知现在事实与原话不同
使用过去时：
Rachel said Joe was in hospital.
因为：
Joe 现在已经不在医院。
30. A 部分完整例句
Direct
Paul said, “My new job is boring.”
Reported — situation still the same
Paul said that his new job is boring.
The situation is still the same. His job is still boring now.
也可以：
Paul said that his new job was boring.
Direct
Helen said, “I want to go to Canada next year.”
Reported — situation still the same
Helen told me that she wants to go to Canada next year.
Helen still wants to go to Canada next year.
也可以：
Helen told me that she wanted to go to Canada next year.
Changed / finished situation
Direct:
Paul said, “I have to go.”
Reported:
Paul said (that) he had to go.
不是：
❌ he has to go
31. B 部分完整例句
Rachel 说：
Have you heard? Joe is in hospital.
后来你看到 Joe 在街上：
Joe, this is a surprise. Rachel said you were in hospital.
不是：
❌ you are in hospital
因为：
现在显然不是事实。
32. C 部分完整例句
tell
Rachel told me that you were in hospital.
不是：
❌ Rachel said me
What did you tell the police?
不是：
❌ say the police
say
Rachel said that you were in hospital.
不是：
❌ Rachel told that ...
What did you say?
say something to somebody
Anna said goodbye to me and left.
不是：
❌ Anna said me goodbye.
What did you say to the police?
33. D 部分完整例句
Direct
“Drink plenty of water,” the doctor said to me.
Reported
The doctor told me to drink plenty of water.
Direct
“Don’t work too hard,” I said to Joe.
Reported
I told Joe not to work too hard.
Direct
“Can you help me, please?” Jackie said to me.
Reported
Jackie asked me to help her.
还可以说：
Paul said not to worry about him.
但不能：
❌ Paul said me
34. say vs tell 最重要的记忆
say
say something
say that ...
say something to somebody
例如：
She said that she was tired.
She said goodbye to me.
tell
tell somebody
tell somebody that ...
tell somebody to do ...
例如：
She told me the truth.
She told me that she was tired.
She told me to wait.
35. 最容易犯的错误
错误：
❌ She said me that she was tired.
正确：
She told me that she was tired.
或者：
She said that she was tired.
错误：
❌ What did you say the police?
正确：
What did you tell the police?
或者：
What did you say to the police?
错误：
❌ The doctor told to drink water.
正确：
The doctor told me to drink water.
因为：
tell 后面要有对象。
错误：
❌ He told me don’t worry.
正确：
He told me not to worry.
36. 命令句转 Reported Speech
Direct:
“Sit down.”
Reported:
He told me to sit down.
Direct:
“Don’t sit down.”
Reported:
He told me not to sit down.
37. 请求句转 Reported Speech
Direct:
“Can you open the door?”
Reported:
He asked me to open the door.
Direct:
“Please help me.”
Reported:
She asked me to help her.
38. Unit 48 核心结构总表
| 用法 | 结构 |
|---|---|
| 情况仍然成立 | reported speech 可以保持现在时 |
| 情况已经结束 | 使用过去时 |
| 现在事实不同 | 使用过去时 |
| 告诉某人某事 | tell somebody something |
| 说某事 | say something |
| 对某人说某事 | say something to somebody |
| 告诉某人做某事 | tell somebody to do |
| 告诉某人不要做 | tell somebody not to do |
| 请求某人做 | ask somebody to do |
39. 最终思维模型
Situation still true
“My job is boring.”
如果现在还是如此：
He said his job is boring.
或者：
He said his job was boring.
Situation changed
“I have to go.”
事情已经结束：
He said he had to go.
tell
结构可以理解为：
TELL
↓
SOMEBODY
↓
CONTENT
例如：
tell me that ...
tell me to ...
也就是：
tell + somebody + content
say
结构可以理解为：
SAY
↓
CONTENT
例如：
say that ...
如果要说明“对谁说”，使用：
say something to somebody
例如：
She said goodbye to me.
40. 一句话记忆
情况现在仍然是真的
时态可以不后移。
例如：
Paul said his job is boring.
也可以：
Paul said his job was boring.
情况已经改变或结束
时态通常要使用过去形式。
例如：
Paul said he had to go.
tell
tell somebody
例如：
She told me the truth.
say
say something
例如：
She said that she was tired.
如果要说明“对谁说”：
say something to somebody
例如：
She said goodbye to me.
命令
tell somebody to do
例如：
The doctor told me to drink plenty of water.
否定命令
tell somebody not to do
例如：
I told Joe not to work too hard.
请求
ask somebody to do
例如：
Jackie asked me to help her.
Unit 48 最核心总结
Reported speech 不一定永远要时态后移。
如果情况现在仍然成立：
Paul said his job is boring.
或者：
Paul said his job was boring.
如果情况已经改变或结束：
Paul said he had to go.
say 和 tell
tell
结构：
tell somebody
tell somebody that ...
tell somebody to do ...
tell somebody not to do ...
例如：
Rachel told me that you were in hospital.
The doctor told me to drink plenty of water.
I told Joe not to work too hard.
say
结构：
say something
say that ...
say something to somebody
例如：
Rachel said that you were in hospital.
What did you say?
What did you say to the police?
命令和请求
| 用法 | 结构 |
|---|---|
| 告诉某人做某事 | tell somebody to do |
| 告诉某人不要做某事 | tell somebody not to do |
| 请求某人做某事 | ask somebody to do |
例如：
The doctor told me to drink plenty of water.
I told Joe not to work too hard.
Jackie asked me to help her.
最终记忆
情况仍然成立 → 可以不后移
情况已经改变 → 使用过去形式
tell somebody
say something
say something to somebody
tell somebody to do
tell somebody not to do
ask somebody to do